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A FINNISH GRAMMAR 



BY 






CLEMENS NIEMI, A. B. 



HANCOCK, MICH., 1917 

THE FINNISH BOOK CONCERN PRINT 



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COPYRIGHT, 1917, BY 
CLEMENS NIEMI ' 



MAR 2615*17 

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 

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PREFACE. 

In preparing this book my aim has not been to 
write a complete Finnish grammar. I have sought 
to present only the fundamental principles in the 
briefest possible ivay necessary for the study of 
the Finnish language. The student should thor- 
oughly master the sound values of each letter be- 
fore taking any advanced steps. In doing so he is 
able to acquire accuracy in pronunciation. 

It should be remembered that Finnish, as its 
cognate Finno-Ugric languages, is an agglutinative 
language, that is to say, the ivords are formed of 
roots by adding certain suffixes or endings to the 
stem. In this process of appending, the changes 
of letters for euphony or harmony occur. The rules 
for these changes should be carefully observed in 
connection with each lesson as they come. 

Each lesson consists of a statement of grammat- 
ical principles, a vocabulary, exercises, and in some 
cases, a brief reading lesson. The vocabulary at 
the head of the lesson will help the student to un- 
derstand the sentences which follow. The exer- 
cises have been developed in such a tvay that each 
lesson brings out the grammatical principles at 
hand. The rules of syntax as ivell as grammatical 
questions have been scattered throughout a long 



series of lessons for the purpose of leading the stu- 
dent gradually to a thorough understanding of the 
rules. The case-endings and the use of the cases 
are particularly emphasized, as they form a very 
difficult and essential part in the study of the 
Finnish language. The reading lessons are so ar- 
ranged as to give an early acquaintance tvith real 
Finnish, and they continually add new tcords to the 
student's vocabulary. 

Ftdly aware of many defects, I hope that this 
book, the only Finnish grammar of its kind in 
English, will be of some aid to the learner of the 
Finnish language. 

I wish here, also, to express my indebtedness to 
my felloiv teachers for their valuable help and 
suggestions ivhich have aided me in perfecting this 
book. 

CLEMENS NIEML 

Suomi College, February, ipi 7. 



CONTENTS. 



Lesson Page 

Introduction 7 — 14 

I Nominative Case 15, 16 

II Accusative and Genitive Cases 17 — 19 

III The Verb 19—22 

IV Essive and Partitive Cases 23 — 25 

V Reading- Lesson 26, 27 

VI Potential and Conditional Moods 27 — 30 

VII Translative and Inessive Cases 30 — 32 

VIII Imperative Active, Infinitives, and Participles 32 — 35 

IX Elative and Illative Cases 36 — 38 

X The Auxiliary Verb Olla, to be 38 — 41 

XI Adessive and Ablative Cases 42 — 44 

XII Allative and Abessive Cases • 44 — 47 

XIII Comitative and Instuctive Cases 47 — 51 

XIV Reading Lesson 51 — 53 

XV Method of Expressing the Auxiliary to have 53 — 56 

XVI Negation 56 — 59 

XVII Personal and Possessive Pronouns 59 — 63 

XVIII Compound Tenses 63 — 66 

XIX Reading Lesson 67 — 69 

XX Passive Voice 69 — 73 

XXI Method of Expressing Future Time 74 — 77 

XXII Comparison of Adjectives 78 — 81 

XXIII Interrogation 81 — 84 

XXIV Demonstrative and Relative Pronouns 84 — 87 

XXV Reflexive and Indefinite Pronouns 8 7 — 91 

XXVI Cardinal Numbers 91 — 95 

XXVII Ordinal Numbers 95 — 99 

XXVIII Compound Nouns 99 — 102 

XXIX Attribute, Appositive, and Adverb .....102 — 105 



XXX Prepositions and Postpositions 105 — 109 

XXXI Conjunctions and Interjections 109 — 112 

Derivation of Substantives and Adjectives ..113 — 115 

Rules of Syntax 115 — 139 

Tables of Declension 139 — 155 

Tables of Conjugation • 155 — 173 

Formation of Verb Stems 173, 174 

Alphabetical List of Verbs 174, 178 

Finnish — English Vocabulary 179 — 191 

English — Finnish Vocabulary 192 — 205 

Index * 206, 207 



INTRODUCTION. 

I. The Finnish alphabet consists of twenty- 

Beven letters : 

a is always pronounced like a in sofa 
I) is always pronounced like b in fred 

- sometimes pronounced like c in calm or cease 
(1 is always pronounced like d in day 
e is always pronounced like e in met 
f is always pronounced like f in /ar 
g is always pronounced like g in r/ame 
h is always pronounced like h in homo 
i is always pronounced like i in d/n 
j is always pronounced like y in ye 
k is always pronounced like k in fcodak 
1 is always pronounced like 1 in /and 
m is always pronounced like m in men 
n is always pronounced like n in net 
is always pronounced like o in open 
P is always pronounced like p in pay 
q is always pronounced like cou in could 
r is always pronounced like r in rose 
s is always pronounced like s in set 
\ is always pronounced like t in tell 
u is always pronounced like U in p 
v is always pronounced like v i: 
x is always pronounced like x in BXpti 



8 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

y is always pronounced like French u or German ii 
z is not pronounced like English z (z — ts or s) 
a is always pronounced like a in at 
6 is always pronounced like er in herb 

There are no silent letters in Finnish ; every letter 
is sounded separately as it is written. 

2. The vowels are a, e, i, o, n, y, a, 6. The long 
vowel is indicated by the use of two letters of the 
same kind; the short vowel with one; as, aa-mu, 
morning; al-la, under; mi-ni, stove; u-ni , 
sleep, etc. 

3. The consonants are b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, I, m, n, 
Vy Qy T, s, t, v, x f z. Of these c, b, d, f, g, q, x, and z 
are never found at the beginning of original Finn- 
ish words. 

4. The diphthongs are no, ie, yd, an, on, eii, in, 
ay, by, ai, oi, ni, ei, at, 6i, and yi. 

5. The diphthongs are pronounced : 

ai as in aisle 
an as in hotv 
ni as in qmt 
oi as in oil 
ei as in eight 
on as in low 

Of the rest en, no, ie, yd, in, ay, ai, oi, and yi have 
no exact equivalents in English. 

6. A syllable consists of a vowel or diphthong 
with or without one or more consonants; as, a-pu, 
help; hiek-ka, sand; au-rin-ko, sun. . 



[NTEODUCTION 9 

7. In the division of words into syllables the fol- 
lowing rules must be observed: 

I A single consonant between two vowels must 
be joined to the following vowel; as, korla, t i B h; 
ma-ta-la, 1 o w. 

(b) Double consonants 1:1:, pp t I . are always 

separated ; as, I:til:-I:a, f lower; I:< -tick; 

ak-kvrna t w i n d o w ; ras-kas, heav y. 

( e ) When more than two consonants between two 
vowels, the last one is joined to the following vowel ; 
as, myrs-ky, storm; palk-ka, wages. 

S. Syllables are open or closed: 

(a) A syllable ending in a vowel or a diphthong 
is called open; as, ka-la, fish; tyo, work. 

(b) A syllable ending in a consonant or an aspi- 
ration is said to be closed; as, vir-rat, rivers; 
sa-de, rain. 

N< >TE — A syllable ran 1m- long or short according to the 
th of time required pronunciatioi 

| short when it ends In a short vowel; as, sa-tu-jn. Fabl 
k> -lii, villa 

ible is long it" it contains :i l<»n-- vowel diphthong; 
it" it ends in a raa-ryys, inju> n»u- 

lat. n »• e (1 1 • 

i>. Word accent is either principal or secondary. 
The principal accent always rests on the first syl- 
lable of a word ; as, apit, you learned. The be- 
ginner may safely ignore all but the principal 
accent. 

10. Rules for vowel changes: 

(a) A long vowel is shortened if followed by the 



10 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

plural or imperfect sign i; as, maa, maita; saa, 
sain. 

(b) Stems ending in short o, 6, u, y, form with i 
a diphthong; as, talo, taloista; polio, polloille; sum, 
suruinen; poly, polyinen. 

(c) Monosyllabic words ending in no, ie, yd, when 
followed by i, reject the first vowel; as, juon, join; 
vie, vein; syon, soin. 

(d) A in disyllabic stems, when followed by the 
plural or imperfect sign i, is changed to o, with 
which i forms a diphthong oi, if the first vowel of 
when followed by the plural or imperfect sign i ; as, 
kantaa, kantoi; herra, herroille; piha, pihoilla; 
koira, koiria; luistan, luistin. 

(e) A or a is always rejected in disyllabic stems 
when followed by the plural or imperfect sign i; as, 
heitdn, heitin; keitdn, keitin. 

(f ) Verbs ending in -taa, if the first vowel of the 
stem is a, have in the imperfect either oi or i; as, 
auttaa, auttoi, or autti; haistaa, haistoi, or haisti. 

(g) Polysyllabic verbs always reject the final a 
or a in the imperfect; as, janottaa, janotti; vasyttaa, 
vdsytin. 

(h) In polysyllabic nouns a or a is either rejected 
or changed to o or 6 (oi, oi) when followed by the 
plural sign, i; as, emanta emdntien; matala, rnata- 
lien; peruna, perunoille; kyntiild, kynttiloille. 

(i) A or a is rejected in all vowel stems ending 
in -ma, -md, -va, -vd, -mpa, -mpd, -isa, -isd, when 
followed by i. But if the final a or a is preceded 



INTRODUCTION 1 1 

by two consonants (except m or v), or if the pre- 
ceding syllable contains the vowel /', a or a 
spectively changed to o or §. Otherwise / with a or 
ti forms a diphthong; as, 

sanoma, sanomia riemuisa, riei 

hedelma, hedelmia emisa, emi 

lihava, lihavia peruna, perunoita 

pateva, pdtevid kipea, kipeoita 

pahempaa, pahempia kola, kalaira 

pienemptia, pienempia petdjd, petajainen 

(j) If o or e (seldom u, y, i) precede the final 
a or a, they may remain unchanged or form a con- 
tracted diphthong; as, lankean, lankeaisin, or lan- 
keisin; virkocm, virkoaisin, or virkoisin. 

(k) Where stems ending in i are followed by a 
second i the second i is contracted with the first /. 
But in place of a short i, e precedes i, thus forming 
the diphthong ei; as, risti, risteissa; pres. hedelmoi, 
imp. hedelmoi; pres. perin, imp. perin. 

(1) In disyllabic words a or a become e before 
the comparative signs -mpa or -nipli; as, paha, pa- 
hempi; .<iev(i, sievempL 

(m) Sometimes i between two vowels become 
as, taloa, taloja (taloia) ; sauvaa, sauvoja (sauvoia). 

(n) Stems ending in e reject it when followed 
by i; as, paimeneUa, paimenitta; lapseUa, lapsilla. 

1 1 . Certain hard consonants become soft or are 
rejected if a short open syllable or diphthong is 



12 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

closed by a consonant or an aspiration 1 . The fol- 
lowing changes 2 must be observed: 

(a) t becomes d; as in ladon for lato 

(b) t becomes d; as in sade for sateen 

(c) p becomes v; as in vavan for vapa 

(d) nk becomes ng; as in kanget for kanki 

(e) pp becomes p; as in opm for oppia 

(f) tt becomes t; as in oicm for ottaa 

(g) &/c becomes &; as in vakat for vakka 

(h) p after m becomes m; as in rammat for rampa 
(i) £ after w becomes w; as in rannat for rcmta 
(j) £ after I becomes I; as in sillan for siKa 
(k) £ after r becomes r; as in virran for m>£a 
(1) k between le becomes /; as in sidjen for sulkea 
(m) k between re becomes /; as in jarjen for jdrked 
(n) k between he becomes j; as in rohjetkoon for 

rohkenen 
(o) fc between uu becomes v; as in luvitn for ^A:^^ 
(p) A: between yy becomes v; as in kyvyn for fcyfcy 

12. Other changes of consonants: 

(a) ps as in lapsi becomes s; as in lasta (in nouns) 

(b) ts as in veitsi becomes s; as in veistd 

(c) is as in kaitsen becomes t; as in kaitkoon 

(d) Jfcs as in juoksen becomes s; as in jnosta (in 
verbs) 

(e) m as in lumi becomes n\ as in lunta 



i An aspiration is a remnant of a lost consonant which 
was found at the end of a word. Though barely sounded, it 
causes the softening- of certain consonants. - Only the most 
important of these are here treated. 



INTRODUCTION 



L3 



(f) mp as in suurimpaan becomes n; as in suvrinta 

(g) nt as in kolmantena becomes /; as in kolmatta 
(h) ns as in kolmansina become- in koln 

(i) k as in reked is lost ; as in reen 

13. Finnish has no grammatical gender. 
11. There are fifteen cases in Finnish: 





Lattn Name. 


Finnish A 


1. 


Nominative 


Nimentci 


2. 


Accusative 


Kohdanto 


3. 


Genitive 


Omanto 


4. 


Essive 


Olento 


5. 


Partitive 


Osanto 


6. 


Translative 


Tulento 


7. 


Inessive 


Sisaolento 


8. 


Elative 


Sisaeronto 


9. 


Illative 


Sisatulento 


10. 


Adessive 


Ulko-olento 


11. 


Ablative 


Ulkoeronto 


12. 


Allative 


Ulkotulento 


13. 


Abessive 


Vajanto 


14. 


Comitative 


Seuranto 


15. 


Instructive 


Keinonto 



Their characteristics of form, meaning, and use 
are illustrated in the paradigms and exercises which 
follow. 

15. The different cases are formed by adding 
certain case-endings to a fundamental part called 
the stem. 



14 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

16. The stem is the body of the word to which 
endings are added to express the relation of the 
word to other words. 

17. The marks of punctuation are the same in 
Finnish as in English, but the comma is used more 
freely to set off subordinate clauses of all kinds. 



LESSON I 15 

LESSON I. 

NOMINATIVE CASE. 

IS. The nominative singular has no ending. The 
plural has the ending -t; as, talo, house; tai 
houses. 

11). In Finnish there is no article. Tctlo may be 
translated house, a house, or the house; 
and t(d<>t, houses or the houses. 

SSO, Adjectives agree with their nouns in num- 
ber and case ; as, Iso talo, a large house; Isot 
talot, large hous es. 

SI. The total subject denotes the whole of the 
person or thing, and is put in the nominative case; 
as, Poika tulee, The boy comes. 

*i % Z. The total predicate noun or adjective ex- 
presses the whole of the person, thing, or quality 
which belongs to the subject. It is put in the nom- 
inative case, and agrees in number and case with 
the subject of the verb (see also 46) ; as, Han 
runoUija, He is a poet; Varpunen on lintu, 
A sparrow is a bird; Talo on iso. The 
house is large. 

Vocabulary. 

laiha, thin U vi a. wide 

kovXu y school talo, h o u 

vaimo, w o m a n mies, m a n 



16 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

ncida, needle paperi, paper 

isa, father aiti, mother 
tie, road • seina, wall 

kirja, book kuva, picture 

iso, large hyva, good 

terciva, sharp vanha, old 

silea, smooth pitka, long 

tuolla, there taalla, here 

on, i s ovat, are 

ja, and kaunis, beautiful 

Hyvaa pdivdd, Good day. Hyvaa iltaa, Good 
evening. Hyvaa huomenta, Good morning. 
Hyvaa ybtd, Good night. 

EXERCISE I. 

A. 1. Isa ja aiti. 2. Aiti on hyva. 3. Isa ja 
aiti ovat hyvat. 4. Neula on pitka. 5. Kuva on 
kaunis. 6. Silea tie on levea. 7. Hyva vaimo on 
taalla. 8. Tie on silea. 9. Teravat neulat ovat 
tuolla. 10. Kauniit kirjat, terava neula ja paperi 
ovat taalla. 11. Kaunis koulu on iso. 12. Seina 
on pitka. 

B. 1. The father and mother. 2. A beautiful 
book. 3. The school is large. 4. The houses are 
large. 5. An old woman is here. 6. The sharp 
needles are there. 7. Fathers and mothers. 8. The 
road is smooth and long. 9. The picture is beauti- 
ful. 10. Good and large books. 11. The house is 
large. 12. Long roads. 



son II 17 

LESSON II. 

ACCUSATIVE AND GENITIVE CASK 

23, The accusative has the ending -n or has no 

ending in the singular; -t in the plural; as, talo n 
or totoj house; talo t h o u s e s. 

184. The genitive singular has the ending -n; as, 
talo n, of the house. 

25. The genitive plural is formed by adding to 
the stem one of the following endings: 

(a) -en (-in) after a short i or after ; which 
is preceded by a short vowel; as, ciiti en (aite in), 
the mothers' or of the mothers; talo 
(talo in 1 ), of the houses. 

(b) -den (-tten) after a diphthong; as, mai\den 
(maitten), of the countries; tei\den (tei't- 
ten), of the roads. 

(c) -ten after a consonant; as, las\ten, the 
children's; vuor ten, of the mountains. 

In English these endings are designated by the 
preposition o f, or by the apostrophe and a I 
or ('). 

fc i(>. The plural sign is i which is placed between 
the stem and the case-endings with the exception 
of the nominative plural. 

k iT. The total object denotes the whole of the 
person or thing affected by the action of a transi- 



l -iioi hin b< laioin. See the rule 



18 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

tive verb. It is put in the accusative case (see 
also 44); as, Mind olen lukenut kirjan, I have 
read the book; Anna kirja minnlle, Give me 
the bo o k. 

Vocabulary. 

veitsi, knife leipa, bread 

perhe, family sisar, sister 

serkku, cousin poika, boy 

tytto, girl, daughter Imone, room 

aina, always viisas, wise 

tama, this pieni, small 

markkinat, market misi, new 

teatteri, theater kirkas, bright 

rouva, Mrs. taide,avt 

neiti, Miss herra, M r. 

Kuinka te voitte? How do you do? Oikein 
hyvin, kiitos ! Very well, thank you! 

EXERCISE II. 

A. 1. Isan veitsi. 2. Tama on pojan 1 kirja. 
3. Vanhain miesten kuva. 4. Tama on kauniitten 
(kauniiden) kuvien 2 huone. 5. Viisasten miesten 
kirjat ovat taalla. 6. Pienien poikien ja tyttojen 
huone. 7. Sisaren kirkas veitsi. 8. Talon huoneet 



i k is dropped before the genitive ending' -11, and i between 
two vowels is changed to j. Thus, poikau, becomes poinn, 
hence pojan. See the rule 10, m. 2 See the rule 10, ch 



so\ in L9 

oval pienet. !). Tama on ison perheen talo. LO. 
[sail ja pojan kirja. LI. Taiteen teatteri. L2. ] 
ma on viisaan ja hyv&n miehen poika. 

B. 1. Father's house. 2. The daughter's and 
mother's needles. 3. Sister's books are here. 4. 
The boys' room is small'. 5. Mother's dailghte 
(>. Cousin's knife. 7. The small boy's mother. 8. 
The wall is long. 9. Cousin's new book. 10. Fa- 
ther's and mother's pictures. 11. The family is 
large. 12. Mother's sharp needle. 13. Cousins' 
house is large. 14. Sisters' room is bright. 



LESSON III. 

THE VERB. 

VJS. The Finnish verb has two voices, the active 
and passive. 

2U. There are four moods, the indicative, po- 
tential, conditional, and imperative. 

30« There are four tenses, the present, imper- 
fect, perfect, and pluperfect. The present and im- 
perfect are called simple tenses; and the per! 
and pluperfect are the compound tens* 

31. To form the complete tenses the following 
elements must be observed, the stem 1 , tense sign, 
and personal endings. 



i For the vowel and consonant Btema of * ura- 

pha 294 and 296. Consult also the II rbs In 2 



20 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

32. The personal endings for all tenses of the 
finite verb, except the imperative, are: 



SINGULAR 


PLURAL 


1st person -n 


-?nme 


2nd „ -t 


-tte 


3rd „ — 


-vat or -vat 



The endings distinguish the different persons of 
the verb. 

33. The third person singular has no ending 
except that in the present indicative and potential 
the final vowel of the stem is lengthened if it is 
not a long vowel or diphthong. Thus, saa\n, I re- 
ceive; saa, he receives; tno\n, I bring; 
tao, he brings. 

34. PRESENT INDICATIVE ACTIVE. 

SINGULAR PLURAL 

1. sano]w, I say sano|mme, we say 

2. sano|f, thou sayest sanojtte, you say 

3. sanojo, he says sano\vat, they say 

35. The present indicative has no tense sign. 
It is formed by adding the personal endings to the 
stem. 

36. The auxiliary verb to do does not exist 
in Finnish. Hence the Finnish language has but 
one form to correspond to the three forms of the 
present indicative in English; as, mina sano\n, I 
say, I do say, I am saying. 



LESSON III 21 

37. IMPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE. 

SINGULAR PLURAL 

1. sano / n, I s a i d sano i mme, w e s a I <l 

2. sano i t, thou saidst sanojijtte, you said 

3. sano|/, he said sano|*jvat, they said 

38. The imperfect indicative active is formed 
by adding to the stem the imperfect sign i and the 
personal endings (32). 

39. The Finnish imperfect indicative may be 
translated in various ways. Thus, mind sano 
may mean, I said, I did say, I was saying, 
I used to say. 

40. A verb agrees with its total subject (21) 
in number and person ; as, Poika laidaa, T h e b o y 
sings; Pojat laulavat, The boys sing. 

Vocabulary. 

sanoa, t o s a y istua, t o s i t 

kirjoittaa, to write lahettcici, to send 

laulaa, to sing antaa, to give 

juosta, t o r u n nukkua, to sleep 

rkea, to break vapa, fishing rod 

ktirki, point kantaa, to carry 

puhua to speak katsoa, to look 

nauraa, to laugh onki, fish hook or 
hankkia, to furnish, fishing tackle 

t o ge t onkia, to fish 

pyytda, to catch puuro, porridge 



22 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

mind, I ; sina, thou; hdn, h e ; me, w e ; te, y o u ; 
he, they. 

EXERCISE III. 

A. 1. Poika puhuu. 2. Sieva tytto laulaa. 3. 
Tytto ja poika laulavat. 4. Mina juoksin. 5. Sina 
nukuit. 6. Han juoksi. 7. Me puhuimme ja te 
kirjoititte. 8. Me lauloimme ja he nukkuivat. 9. 
Aiti kirjoittaa. 10. Pieni poika juoksee. 11. Serk- 
ku lahettaa kirjan. 12. Hyva tytto aina nauraa. 

13. Mina pyydan 1 kaloja 2 . 14. Me ongimme 3 taal- 
la. 15. Sitten me keitamme 4 puuroa ja syomme. 
16. Mina hankin 5 teille hyvat onget. 3 17. Mina 
kannoin 6 vavan 7 tanne. 18. Han sarki ongen kar- 
jen 8 . 

B. 1. Now I am laughing. 2. You write. 3. He 
ran. 4. The boy and girl sing. 5. The mother and 
father sit and read. 6. They spoke. 7. Mr. and 
Mrs. Harris sing. 8. The girl spoke and laughed. 
9. Miss Jones is coming here. 10. The man carried 
the books. 11. The boy ran. 12. The brothers and 
sisters laugh. 13. I carried the fishing tackle here. 

14. He broke the point of the fishhook. 15. They 
slept. 16. You sent the letter. 17. I wrote the 
letter. 



i See 11, a. 2 See 10, m. 3 See 11, d. 4 See 11, f. 5 See 
11, g-. g See 11, i. 7 See 11, c. s See 11, m. 



LESSON IV 28 

LESSON IV. 
SIVE AND PARTITIVE CASES. 

-11. The essive is formed by adding the end- 
ings -tut or -nti to the stem. This case expresses 
a state of being regarded as continuous. Thus, 
talo\na, as a house; tdloi\na t as houses; 
tytto\na, as a girl; tyttoi\na, as girls. 

42. The partitive denotes that the object was 
or is affected only in part and has the endings: 

(a) -a, -a after a short vowel of the unaccented 
syllable, or after ; which is preceded by a short 
syllable; as, talo\a, (some) house; taloj\a, (some) 
houses. 

(b) -to, -til after a consonant, long vowel, or 
diphthong; as, las'ta, (some) child; maa\ta t 
(some) land; maiHa (some) lands; tyo ta 

oine) work. 

4:>. In English the words some or a n y placed 
before a noun or in French the partitive construc- 
tion (de+le, la, or les) expresses this partitive 
idea; as, likaa, some meat, de la viande. 

I I. The partial object expresses a part of the 
person or thing affected by the action of a transi- 
tive verb. Its case is the partitive (see also 27) : 
as, Poika Ivkee kirjaa, The b o y i a r e a d i n g a 

book (i. e., reading a part of the book). 



24 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

45. The partial subject denotes a part of the 
whole and is put in the partitive. Its predicate is 
always in the singular (see also 21) ; as, PoiJcia 
tulee, Some boys are coming (lit. some 
boys come). 

46. The partial predicate noun or adjective 
denotes the part of a district, area, or quality which 
belongs to the subject. It is always put in the 
partitive ; as, Tama talo on kaiipiinkia, This 
house is a part of the city, (i. e., within 
the limits) ; Mies on kuuhtisaa stikua, The man 
is of a famous family; Huo?ieet ovat kyl- 
mia, The rooms are cold (i. e., the rooms 
belong to the class of cold rooms). 

Vocabulary. 

pala, bit, part leipa, bread 

sokeri, sugar vest, water 

kahvi, coffee maito, milk 

kerma, cream juomalasi, glass, tum- 

voi, b utter bier. 

suola, salt tuoda, to bring 

jaoda, to drink ajatella, to think 

pitaa, to hold, to re- syoda, t o e a t 

g a r d hanella on, h e h a s 

lakaista, to sweep omena, apple 

Puhutteko suomenkielta? Do you speak 
Finnish? Kijlld, herra, piihiin vcihan, Yes, 
Sir, I speak ^ little. 



LESSON IV 26 

EXERCISE IV. 

A. 1. Hanellii on pala leipiia. 2. Poika juo 
kahvia. 3. Tytto syo sokeria. 4. Aiti tuo lasin 
maitoa. 5. Han piti vettii 1 kahvina. 6. Tytto 
tuu taalla. 7. Me joimme kahvin vetena. 8. Poika 

sokerin suolana. 9. Hanella on kirjoja. 10. 
Mina syon leipaa ja voita ja juon vetta. 11. Taal- 
la on kahvia ja sokeria. 12. Mies juoksee tieta 
pitkin (along). 13. Omenat ovat pienia. 14. Han 
on tohtori. 15. Huone on lammin. 16. Taalla on 
pala omenaa. 17. Tytto lakaisee lattiaa. 

B. 1. He has some bread and butter. 2 The 
boy drinks milk. 3. The girl brings some water 
and milk. 4. As a boy. 5. As a girl. 6. He 
brought water as a drink. 7. The mother gives 
some bread. 8. They drank water instead of milk . 
9. Small boys and girls drink milk. 10. He brings 
a glass of water. 11. There is some sugar and 
bread. 12. Some boys and girls are singing. 13. 
The boy brings some bread, butter, milk, and coffee. 

14. The girl eats some meat and drinks some tea. 

15. He has a cup of tea. 16. They drink coffee. 
17. The girl sweeps the floor. She has some ap- 
ples. 



2 7::. i: See the rule i<», i e the essl 



26 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

LESSON V. 

READING LESSON. 
Vocabulary. 

sdde, ray kaikua, to echo 

loistaa, to shine kutoa, to knit 

tunkeutua, to p e n e- heikko, weal^ 

t r a t e katkyt, cradle 

maki, hill itked, t o c r y 

rinne, slope tyytyvdinen, satisfied 

poimia, to pick opettaja, teacher 

latva, top of a tree, nauru, laugh 

top pallo, ball 

Translate into English the following: — 

VELI JA SISKO. 

Minulla on iso sisko. Han kay koulua (she goes 
to school). Han on hyva tytto. Kotona (at home) 
han auttaa aitia. Han kutoo pikku veljen punais- 
ta sukkaa. Veli on hyvin pieni. Hanetla on heikot 
jalat. Han ei voi kavella. (he cannot walk). Han 
nukkuu kauniissa katkyessa. Han nauraa aanek- 
kaasti (loudly). Joskus (sometimes) han itkee. 
Silloin (then) hanella on nalka (see 83). Aiti an- 
taa hanelle (to him) makeaa maitoa. Sitten pieni 
veli nauraa. Han on tyytyvainen. 



LESSON VI 27 



KEVAT. 



On kaiinis kevatpaivii. Pojat istuvat koul 

(in the school) poytien ymparilla (around). 1 

iat haluavat menna ulos (out). Auringon sateet 

oistavat kirkkaasti. Kukkien tuoksu tunkeutuu 

vouluhuoneeseen (into the school room). Opettaja 

intaa poikien menna ulos. He juoksevat maen rin- 

teelle (to the slope) kukkia poimimaan (to pick). 

He heittavat jpalloja. Pallot lentavat puiden latvo- 

jen yli. Poikien ilo ja nauru kaikuu ulkona. He 

'. ovat iloisia ja tyytyvaisia. 

LESSON VI. 

POTENTIAL AND CONDITIONAL MOODS. 

47. The potential mood is formed by adding to 

the stem the mood sign -ne (after s 9 I, and r, -se, 

—le, re respectively) and the personal endings; as, 

. I may say; (nous\se\n, I may rise, 

tul\le\n, Imaycome; pur\re\n, I m ay b i t e). 

4S. PRESENT POTENTIAL ACTIVE. 
SINGULAR PLURAL 

1. sano|n< n, Imaysay sano'//( mme, we may 

say 

2. sano|ne|t thou may- sano you may 

ay say 

;;. sano|n< e, lie may Bano|n< vat, they may 
8 a s a y 



28 



FINNISH GRAMMAR 



49. The conditional mood has also one simple 
tense, the present. It is formed by adding to the 
stem the mood sign -isi and the personal endings. 

NOTE. — The Finnish conditional mood can be translated by- 
using- should and would, the preterit tenses of shall 
and will. Would brings out more clearly the Finnish con- 
ditional statement in English. This same idea can also be 
expressed by the use of the English preterit subjunctive in- 
stead of the conditional phrase; as, Jos olisin niin onnellinen, 
If I were so happy (Subj.) = If Ishould be so happy 
(Conditional); Felkasin, etta epaonnistuisin, I feared I 
should fail. 

50. PRESENT CONDITIONAL ACTIVE. 



SINGULAR 

1. sano|m|n, I should 
say 

2. sanojm|t, thou 
wouldst say 



PLURAL 

sano|m|mme, we 

should say 
sano|m|tte, you would 

say 



3. sano|m, he would sano|m|vat, they would 
say say 

NOTE. — Shou.ld is not used in the sense of ought, to ex- 
press duty or obligation. It expresses a condition. 



Vocabulary. 



hevonen, horse 
koira, dog 
kissa, cat 
hattu, hat 
musta, black 
tulla, to come 



vuode, bed 

reki, sleigh 

ajaa, to drive 

sallia, to permit, to 

allow 
rnenna, t o g o 



{SON vi 29 

. t o-d a y huorm una , i o-m orrow 

if tieh k n o w 

h a i r 

KXERCISE VI. 

A. 1. Mini) sanonen. 2. Me sanoisimme, 
tulisit tanne. 3. Han sallinee mustan koiran a.iaa 
valkoista kissaa. 4. Me ajamme hevosen 1 ja reen 
tanne. 5, Sanoisin asian, jos- tietaisin. 0. Tyttfl 
laulaa tanaan. 7. Isa ajanee hevosta. 8. Han me- 
nisi tanaan, jos tulisit. 9. He tuonevat hat mi . ken- 
gat 3 ja sukat 4 pojalle (to the boy). 10. Jos tietai- 
sin, niin laulaisin taman laulun. 11. Tama (this) 
koira purree poikaa. 12. Koira purree miesta. 13« 
Joisin lasin vetta tai (or) kupin kahvia, jos toisit 
tanne. 14. Pojat ja miehet tahtoish da hy- 
van aterian tanaan. 15. Kirjoittaisin kirjeen, jos 
antaisit paperia ja mustetta. 16. Nauranemme 
taalla, jos sallitte. 

B. 1. He may come. 2. They would go. 3. We 
would sing the whole song. 4. I may give some 
coffee and bread to you (sinulle). 5. The black 
cat would sleep. (>. Father and mother would go 

New York, if you would come here. 7. Yes, 1 
would come, if you wait. 8. If they allow it, I 
would drive the horse. 9. The dog may come here. 
10. We should live soberly ( raittiisti ) . 12, You 



1 WO -imii - ! n 

tON 1, ,1. 



30 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

would speak to him (hanelle), if he were (olisi) 
here. 13. I would write a letter if paper, ink, and 
pen were (olisi vat) here. 14. They would go fish- 
ing. 15. She would sweep the floor. 16. We might 
eat some bread and butter, and drink some coffee 
or tea, if you would give it to us (meille). 



LESSON VII. 

TRANSLATIVE AND INESSIVE CASES. 

51. The translative expresses change from one 
form to another. It is designated in English by 
the prepositions 1 for, to, into. The ending of 
the translative is -ksi; as, talo\ksi, (made) into 
a h o u s e. 

52. The place within which is regularly denoted 
by the inessive. It has the endings -ssa or -ssd; as, 
talo\ssa, in the house; kyla\ssa, in the vil- 
lage. In English this case is indicated by the 
prepositions i n or a t. 

Vocabulary. 

pata, kettle tee, tea 

pannu, pan teepannu, tea kettle 

peruna, potato palaa, to burn 

kappdle, piece kiehua, to boil 

tuli, fire kasvaa, to grow 

tyo, work poro, ash 

i See note 1 on page 31. 



LESSON VII 



81 



ina, potato 
kaivanto, m i n e 
kirjain, letter 
U onsana, v e r b 

g r a in m a r 

1 o v e, furnace, 
o v e n. 



Uha, m e a t 

'. to live 
muo , formal ion 

. p r n o u n 
nimisana, n o u n 
hoyry, steam 



EXERCISE VII. 



A. 1. Poika asuu talossa. 2. Tytto kasvoi pit- 
kiiksi. 3. Tuli palaa uunissa. 4. Kahvi kiehuu 
pannussa. 5. Kaunis talo paloi poroksi. 6. Liha 
kiehuu kappaleiksi. 7. Perunat ovat padassa. 8. 
Poika kasvaa isoksi mieheksi. 9. Isa tulee (be- 
comes) vanhaksi. 1 10. Han tulee jouluksi 1 kotiin. 
11, He lainasivat kirjan paivaksi 2 . 12. Han asuu 
kaupungissa. 13. Perunat kasvavat maassa. 
Mustissa padoissa on paljon (much) vetta. L5. 
Teepannussa on kuumaa (hot) teetii. 16. Liha 
paistuu uunissa. 17. Talo on maalattu punaisei 

B. 1. In a house. 2. The house burned to ashes. 
3. The boy grew into a tall man. 1. Father and 
mother are in church. 5. He became (tuli) old. 
6. Tea is served (tarjotaan) in cups. 7. Gram- 
mar teaches the formation of the verba and pro- 
nouns. 8. The meat boiled to pieces. 9. The man 
is working in a mine. 10. Coffee is boiling in the 



i The verb i» e c «» m e i also 1 1 

>ii«-s niii \:uiiuik*i. The man became old 



32 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

coffee pot. 11. They live in large houses. 12. The 
boys grew strong. 13. The book will be ready by 
Sunday (sunnuntaiksi). 14. Water is changed 
(muuttunut) into steam. 15. I threw some wood 
into the fire. 16. The house is painted (maalattu) 
white and blue. 17. I cut the bread into two (kah- 
deksi). 18. He cuts the potatoes into small pieces. 
19. We took (luulin) you for a doctor. 20. We 
live in the city of New York. 



LESSON VIII. 

IMPERATIVE ACTIVE, INFINITIVES, AND 
PARTICIPLES. 

53. The imperative expresses command or re- 
quest. It is formed by adding to the stem the fol- 
lowing mood signs and personal endings : 

SINGULAR 

2. mood sign — — , pers ending — 

3. „ „ -koo or koo, „ „ -?i 

PLURAL 

1. mood sign -kaa or -kaa, pers. ending -mme 

2. „ „ -kaa or -kaa, „ „ {-tie) 

3. „ „ -koo or -koo, „ „ -t 



LESSON VIII 

54, The Imperative conjugation of sanoa, to 

say: 

singular Plural 

1. — sano kao mrm . lei us 

a y 

2. sano, s a y sano kaa tte, B a y 

3. sano|A;oo|rt, let him sano /wW, let them 
say say. 

NOTE, -The personal ending of the second person plural 

s«'l(loni used. Thus, use Miiiiojkaa in place Of Nimokaai tt«* » 

.">.">. The infinitive in Finnish is a real verbal 
substantive which is derived from a verbal stem, 
and expresses person, time, or modality. It can 
take the ordinary case-endings and also the pos- 
sessive suffixes. 

.!(>. The first infinitive has the signs -a or -a 
after a short vowel and -da or -del after a long 
vowel or diphthong; as, sano a , to say; clii &, to 
live; saa\da, to receive; syo\d& f t o e a t. This 
infinitive has also the longer form with the trans- 
lative ending -kse and the possessive suffix ; as. 
sanoa\kse\ni, in order that I may say, or 
so to say, (lit. for my saying). 

NOTE. — If the ■tern ends In i. n. or r the l< i doub- 

led; as, mi in. to come; mm nit. to pur t-.-i. to bite. 

Disyllabic ■terns ending In * or In n inert vowel I 
either -fa or -tit: as, fuse tn, to run: pes tii. t «• w 
vaMtajta, t o a u s w .• r ; kjrre tn, t o i> e able. 

T>7. The last vowel of the stem of the second 
infinitive is < in place of -a or -<7, and sometim. 



34 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

after other vowels except i. This infinitive has the 
inessive and instructive cases; as, sano\e\ssa, in 
saying; sano\e\n, with saying. 

58. The third infinitive is formed by adding 
to the stem -ma or -md; as, sano\ma\ssa, in 
s a y i ng ; syo\md\ssd, in eating. This infinitive 
is used in six cases. 

59. The fourth infinitive has the ending 
-minen in the nominative and -mis- in the partitive ; 
as, sano\minen, saying; sano\mis\ta, (something) 
to say. This infinitive is a real substantive like 
the English gerund. 

60. There are two participles or verbal ad- 
jectives in Finnish. The first of these is formed 
by adding -va or -vd to the stem; as, sano\va, 
saying; lentd\vd, flying. 

61. The second participle is formed by adding 
-nut or -nyt to the consonant stem, and -nee- (-nei- 
plu.) to the vowel stem; as, sano\nut, said; 
teh\nyt, made; sano\neet, sano\nei\ta. 

NOTE. — If s, 1, r, or n is the last sound of the stem, they 
are doubled; as, »es|syt, washed; tul|liitf, come; pur | rut, 
bit; men I nyt, come. 

Vocabulary. 

lavlu, song Suomi, Finland 

vdrsy, verse rukoilla, to pray 

lukea, to read kiittaa, to thank 

eldd, to live luku, chapter 

koko, whole kaikki, a 1 1 

kolme, three viisi, five 



LI 'II 

EXERCISE VIII 

A. 1. I. aula laulu. 2. Lukekaami . Laula- 

koot viisi varsya. 1 !. Elak66n Suomi.' 5. Lue kol- 

me lukua. 6. Kiittakaatte. 7. Han tulkoon tanne. 
8. Kaikki rukoilkaamme. 9. ruhukoon, JOS hiin 
tahtoo. 10. Naura. 11. Syokaamme ja juokaam- 
me. 12. Kirjoita kirje tanaan. 13. Poika tahtoo 
puhua. 11. Lapsi alkoi itkea. 15. Sinun (you) 
pitaa tuleman. 16. Lukemalla (by reading) mina 
opin. 17. Tytto ja poika olivat dimassa, minun 
tyota tehtaessS (while I was working). 18. Juok- 
seminen on terveellista. 19. Hanen pitiiii laulaman. 
A. 1. Sing the whole song. 2. Let us sine. 
S. Let them read. 4. Long live Finland. 5, Let 
them read three verses. 6. To be (olla) good is to 
.happy. 7. Let us read the whole chapter 
8. Let them pray. 9. Let them laugh. 11. Long 
live America. 12. Let us pray. 13. He has nothing 
to say. 1 I. I want to go. 15. The boj im- 

ming. Hi. Vou must go home. 17. She has (son 
reading to he done (tehtavana). 18. They m 
come here. 11). Swimming is a good ex 
20. The book musl (he read 



i See l 16, 

instructive <»i lukci third Infinlth 



36 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

LESSON IX. 

ELATIVE AND ILLATIVE CASES. 

62. The place from which is regularly de- 
noted by the elative. It is formed with the ending 
-sta, or -sta; as, talo\sta, from the house; ky- 
la\sta, from the village. This case is in- 
dicated in English by the prepositions o f or f r o m. 

63. The illative is formed : 

(a) By lengthening the last vowel of the stem+n, 
if the stem ends in a short vowel; as, talo\on, into 
the house. 

(b) By adding to the monosyllabic stem contain- 
ing a long vowel or diphthong the consonants -h 
-n, between which is inserted the last vowel of the 
stem ; as, kuu\hun, into the moon; tyd\hon, 
to the work. 

(c) By adding -seen in the singular and -siin in 
the plural after the long vowel to the stem contain- 
ing more than one syllable; as, venee\seen, into 
the boat; venei\siin, into the boats. 

64. The illative expresses the place into 
which motion takes place and is denoted in Eng- 
lish by the preposition into or to. 



LESSON IX 



37 



Vocabulary. 



lintu, b i r d 
maa, 1 a n d 
kirkko, church 
kaupunki, c i t y 

u n 
paistaa, to shine 
lent (id, t o f 1 y 



kirka8 9 bright 
kyla, village 

. tree 
vuori s mountain 
pelto, field 
pudota, t o f a 1 1 
laakso, valley 



EXERCISE IX. 

A. 1. Hyva poika tulee kirkosta. 2. Isa menee 
kaupunkiin. 3. Han menee vieraisiin maihin. 
4. Pojat tulevat Suomesta Amerikaan. 5. Talo on 
tehty puusta. 1 6. Linnut lensivat puihin. 7. Poika 
ja tytto menivat kouluun. 8. Kolme veljesta on 
taiilla. 9. Mies on rikas ystavista.- 10. Poika 
hukkui veteen. 11. Moin kirjan kolmesta dollarista- 
1^. Lapsi tulee isaansa. 3 13. Miehet matkustavat 
kylastii kylaan ja kaupungista kaupunkiin. 14. ]\Ii- 
na astuin laaksoon. 15. Linnun pesa on puussa. 

B. 1. I go to school. 2. Boys and girls come 
from school. 3. He sold the bird for three dollars. 
1. He is rich in friends, but poor in money. 5. Men 
came from Finland to America. (>. The house is 
made of wood. 7. The bird flew down from the 
tree. 8. The bright sun. shines into the room 
i>. Boys and girls are going to school. 10. He comes 






I'll'. 






38 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

from the woods. 11. They went from the village 
to the city. 12. From morning to evening. 13. Let 
them go to church. 14. They stepped into the 
church. 15. We stepped into the room. 16. I came 
from the room. 17. Let us go to church. 18. Let 
them send the boy to town. 



LESSON X. 

THE AUXILIARY VERB OLLA, T B E. 

65. The verb olla is irregular in many of its 
forms, but it will be observed that all the mood 
signs and personal endings follow sequences already 
established in the regular conjugation. 

PRESENT INDICATIVE ACTIVE. 

66. SINGULAR. ' PLURAL. 

1. olen, I am olemme, we are 

2. olet, thou art olette, you are 

3. on, h e i s ovat, they are. 

IMPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE. 

67. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 

1. olin, I w a s olimme, we were 

2. olit, thou wast olitte, you were 

3. oli, h e w a s olivat, they were 



LESSON X 

PRESENT POTENTIAL ACTIVE. 

68. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 

1, lienen? I may be lienemme, we may be 

2, lienet, thou may- lienette, you may be 

e s t b e 

3, In mi, he may be lienevat, they may 

PRESENT CONDITIONAL ACTIVE. 

(>1). SINGULAR. PLURAL. 

1. olisin, I should be olisimme, we should 

be 

2. olisit, thou wouldst olisitte, you would 
be be 

3. oliffi, he would be olisivat, they would 

be 

IMPERATIVE ACTIVE. 

70. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 

1. olkaamme, let us be 

2. ole, b e olkaatte, b e 

3. olkoon, let him be olkoot, let them be 



40 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

INFINITIVES. 

71. I. shorter form, olla, to be 

longer form, ollakseni, in order that 
I may be 
II. In. ollessa, in being, being. 

III. olernassa, etc., in being, b e i ng. 

IV. Nom. olerninen, (must) be, being. 
Part, olemista, being 

PARTICIPLES. 

12. I. oleva, being II. ollut, been 

Vocabulary. 

taivas, sky, heaven taytyy, must 

tahti, star pilvi, cloud 

kuu, moon kylma, cold 

ilma, air, weather lamrnin, warm 

sininen, blue seta, uncle 

valkea, white tati, aunt 

hiljainen, silent, nyt, now 

quiet koti, home 
toivoa, t o w i s h, 

to hope 



LESSEN I 41 

EXERCISE X. 

A. l. Taivaa on sininen. 2. Pilvet ovat mus 
Xyt on lammin ilma. 4. Kirkas kuu p;. uo- 

neeseen. 5. Pojan taytyy olla tyossa. 6. Ole hil- 
Seta ja tati olivat kylailemassa. 8. Han 

lienee hue: 9, Han olisi tiialla, jofl sinii tul: 

10. Ilma on kylmaa. 11. Taivas on sininen ja val- 
koinen. 12. Isa ja aiti menivat kirkkoon. 13. Mi- 
na olen suomalainen. 14. Han pitaa lampimaa 

huoneesta. 15. Olen iloinen nahdessiini tei 
lii. Saanen kirjeen ani (from my unci 

17. Olkaamme taalla kunnes (until) han tulee. 

B. 1. The - shine brightly. 2. The moon 
is beautiful. 3. Uncle and aunt are at home. 1 
4. The boy must be here. 5. I may be there. 8. 
Let us be silent. 9. I would be at the church.. 10. 
We were in the city. 11. The weather is warm and 
the moon shines brightly. 12. They would be here 
to day. 13. Let us hope for warm weather for to- 
morrow. 14. hould be here until aunt and 
uncle come. 15. I may be too (liian) quiet. 16. V 

ou. 17. They may come if the 
- warm. 18. I would go home, if you 
id come with me (minun kanssa). 10. He may 
be at homt 



1 Ul k«>fim:i. 

hm.inisrk^i. 
1. 



12 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

LESSON XI. 

ADESSIVE AND ABLATIVE CASES. 

7:>. The adessive expresses the place at or on 
w h i c h, or the object with which anything is 
done. It is formed with the endings -lla or -lid; as, 
talo | lla, at the house; kctcle j lid, on the 
hand; Ostin kirjan rahallani, I bought the 
book with my own money. (See Lesson 
XV). 

74. In English the prepositions at, on, upon, 
or with denote the endings of this case. 

75. The place from which is regularly 
denoted by the ablative with the endings -Ita or 
-ltd; as, talo\lta, from the house; tytd\ltd, 
from the girl. This relation is indicated in 
English by the prepositions from or of. 

Vocabulary. 

katto, roof paikka, place 

lattia, floor poytaliina, tablecloth 

tuoli, chair teevati, saucer 

poyta, table muste, ink 

lusikka, spoon kyna, pen 

kahveli, fork tyijykyna, pencil 

kola, fish laatikko, box, drawe r 

lautanen, p 1 a t e raha, money 

saada, to receive olkaa hyvd, please 

puuttaa, to lack kirjuri, secretary 



I XI 

EXERCISE XI. 

A. l. Kaunis Irfrja on pdydalla. 2. Han i 
tuolilla. 3. Mina syon veitsella ja kahvelil 

1. Poika kirjoittaa kynalla. 1 5. Minulta puuttuu 
rahaa. 6. Olkaa hyva ja antakaa minulle lyijykyna 
poydalta. 7. lima tuntuu kylmalta. 8. Poyt&lii- 
na on pdydalla. 9. Poika sai rahaa is&ltS. LO. Lap- 
si sol lautaselta. 11. Mies putosi katolta maahan. 
12. Isa tulee maalta kaupunkiin. 

B. 1. The tablecloth is on the table. 2. I eat 
with a knife and fork. 3. The butter is on the 
plate. 4. The fork fell from the table. 5. I eat 

a table. 6. The pen and pencil are in a box on the 
table. 7. Please give me some fish on I 
8. I sit in the chair. 9. Write a letter in ink. 10. I 
see with my eyes and hear with my ears. 1 11. The 
knife, fork, and spoons are on the table. 12. There 
are five seats at the table. 13. I work with my 
hands 1 . 14. I speak with my mouth . 

hotellissa (At the Hotel). 

Olkaa hyva ja antakaa minulle huone. Kyila te 
saatte sen (it). Kirjoittakaa nimenne (your nan 
poytakirjaan (into the registry-book ) . Ruokaa 
<aatte ruokasalissa. Iluokasalissa on poytia, ja I 
leja. Pdydalla on kuppeja, teevateja, lautasia, v 
sia, kahvelia, lusikoita ja salvetit. Lasit ja leipa 



i\w rul< 



44 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

ovat myoskin poydalla. Tanaan meilla on hyva 
ruokahalu. Palvelija tuo lihaa, vihanneksia, mansi- 
koita ja omenia. Mina pidan hyvin keitetysta 
(cooked) lihasta. Mina en (I do not) syo jalkiruo- 
kaa (dessert) nyt, mutta otan kupin kahvia. Mina 
juon vetta lasista ja teeta kupista. Mina panen so- 
keria kahviin ja teehen lusikalla. Sitten mina se- 
kotan (stir) teen lusikalla. Mina syon lihaa ja pe- 
runoita lautaselta. Mina syon leipaa, voita, sokeri- 
leivoksia ja piirakkaa. Veitse(llani, with my) leik- 
kaan leivan ja piirakan. Kahvelilla syon piirakan. 
Veitsella panen voita leivan paalle (on). Olkaa 
hyva ja antakaa lasi maitoa. Saanko kupin kahvia 
tahi teeta. Mina syon aamiaisen aamusella (in the 
morning) ruokasalissa. Mina istun poydassa, kun 
syon. Paivallisen syon puolenpaivan aikaan (at 
noon) . Illallisen syon iltasella. 



LESSON XII. 

ALLATIVE AND ABESSIVE CASES. 

76. The allative expresses the place towards 
which motion takes place, and is formed with 
the ending -lie; as, tdlo\lle, to the house. In 
English the preposition t o indicates this relation. 

77. The abessive expresses the absence or 
1 a c k of something. It has the endings -tta or -tta ; 



LESSON XII 45 

as, talo | tta, without a house; hade ttii, 
without a hand. In English the preposition 
without denotes the endings of this case. 

Vocabulary. 

takki, coat kenka, shoe 

housut, trousers sukka, sock, stocking 

liivi, vest paita, shirt 

taskukello, watch jalka, foot 

kaulns, collar kirje, letter 

taskn, pocket sormi, finger 

nappi, button arhoollinen, brave 

ilman, without kavella, to walk 

koyha, poor rikas, rich 

EXERCISE XII. 

A. 1. Han kirjoittaa hyvalle paperille. 2. Anna 
kyna aidille. 3. Seta on talotta. 4. Iso poika juok- 
see housuitta ja takitta. 5. Laheta kirja tytolle. 
6. Aiti antoi rahaa koyhalle miehelle. 7. Han on 
kauluksetta ja taskukellotta. 8. Antakaamme ra- 
haa urhoolliselle pojalle. 9. Takki on napitta. 
10. Isa lahetti pitkan kirjeen pojalle. 11. Me juok- 
simme sukitta ja kengitta. 12. Antakaamme koy- 
halle miehelle leipaa, voita ja maitoa. 

B. 1. I sent a letter to the boys. 2. Give the 
money to the poor man. 3. He is without money. 

4. I went out without collar, vest, trousers, or coat. 

5. The poor boy is without mother and father. 



46 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

6. The little girl is without a home. 7. I went to 
the city of New York. 8. Give the watch to the big 
brother. 9. He is without fingers. 10. I am 
without coat and trousers. 11. The shirt is without 
buttons. 12. The boy runs without shoes and stock- 
ings. 

kauppapuodissa (At the Store). 

Missa (where) on vaatetavarakauppa ? Se on 
valtakadulla (on the main street). Haluaisin ostaa 
takin, housut, liivit, henkselit, parin (a pair of) 
villasia alusvaatteita ja parin kenkia. Ostan myos- 
kin valkean paidan, kaulanauhan, nenaliinan, pyy- 
heliinan, lakanan, tyynyn, takin ja poytatuukin. 
Tuo puku (suit of clothes) sopii minulle (will fit 
me). Kuinka paljon (how much) se maksaa? Sen 
hinta on kolmekymmenta dollaria. Tama puku olisi 
hyva, mirtta takin hiat ovat liian lyhyet. Housut 
sopivat minulle paremmin. Onko 1 teilla 2 halvempia 
(cheaper) pukuja? Onko 1 tama puku taysivillai- 
nen (all wool) . Kylla se on, herra. Siksi se maksaa 
niin paljon. Mina en pida tasta muodista. Sita- 
paitsi (besides) se on liian kallis. Mika on taman 
puvun hinta? Se maksaa kaksikymmentaviisi dol- 
laria. Hyva, mina ostan sen. 

Minun pitaa menna viela rautakauppaan (into 
the hardware store), makeiskauppaan, ruokakaup- 
paan, lihakauppaan. Rautakaupasta ostan kahvi- 



i See 131. 2 See S2. 



LESSON XIII 47 

pannun, kupit, sokeriastian, veitset, kahvelit, seina- 
kellon, keinutuolin, vaatekaapin. Lihakaupasta os- 
tan lihaa, makkaraa, voita ja lampaanlihaa. Ma- 
keiskaupasta ostan monenlaisia (all kinds of) he- 
delmia ja makeisia. Sitten kun olen tehnyt ostok- 
seni, niin menen kotiin. Perheeni 1 on sitten iloinen 
ostoksieni johdosta. 



LESSON XIII. 

COMITATIVE AND INSTRUCTIVE CASES. 

78. The comitative is formed with the ending 
-ne -f the possessive suffix, and expresses the 
person or object in whose company an action 
takes place. It has the plural form only; as, ta- 
loi\ne\nsa, with his, her, or their house 
or h o u s e s 

79. The instructive has the ending -n; as, 

kasi\n, with hands or bymeansof hands, 
(used almost always in the plural). This case de- 
notes the means or manner in accord- 
ance with which anything is done. 

80. The vowel stem of nouns and adjectives is 
found by dropping -na, or -net of the essive singular ; 
as, — 

l See 97. 



48 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

Essive sing. lato|wa, vowel stem, lato 



„ luku|raz 


>> 


>> 


luku 


„ lapse \na 


99 


>> 


lapse 1 


„ talo|na 


99 


V 


talo 


„ hyva\nd 


>> 


>> 


hyva 


„ kylmajna 


>> 


>> 


kylma 


„ sieva|na 


99 


>> 


sieva 



81. The consonant stem of nouns and adjec- 
tives is found by dropping the endings of the parti- 
tive singular; as, — 



Partitive sing. 


las|£<x, 


consonant stem 


, las- 


>> >> 


tul|£a, 


99 


>> 


tul- 


>> >> 


un|£a, 


>> 


>> 


un- 


tf >> 


kallis|ia, 


>> 


>> 


kallis. 


>> >> 


vet|ia, 


>> 


>> 


vet- 


>> >> 


kat|£a, 


>> 


>> 


kat- 



Most disyllabic words ending in i (if t, s, h, I, r, 
n, It, rt, nt, precede the last vowel of the stem) 
belong to the above group. 

NOTE. — Some nouns and adjectives may have both the 
vowel or the consonant stem; as, lapse |na, the vowel stem 
lapse; lasjta, the consonant stem las. 



i Stems ending in e have i in place of e in the nominative 
singular. See also 273, 



SON Mil 






DO 

be 
g 


3 

E 

u 
X 


i i 


- 
■A 

B 

a - 
• i 


. *■"■ 

7 - g 1- s!i a 

C C X w-i 

ii 


a 
.52 

T 7 


>. = — =_ c ~ 

1 1 1 




a; 


I ? 


1 


- - 
i • i i i i i i 


1 1 ■ 

's. --^ — — — ^ -»->• — ^ 

1 1 1 1 1 1 I 




13 

5 

Pu 




13 


j5 [ij? jg jg ]3 




— 

Tt fd i J | 

^E ^T jC C jj J: 

oc] a pd rt pd x 


— 


bo 

c 

CO 


O ^c 


13 


cs 'S3 g jj 

-X J~ ,2 -~ -X 

c$ c3 ctf ct rt 
-~^ -4-> ^j 4J — 


P 


C 

3 

— 




— 




Is* 


a 


N CO 


pj 


S a • 

~ ~ S 


— 



50 



FINNISH GRAMMAR 



VOCABULARY. 



juuri, root 
runko, stem 
silmd, eye 
nend, nose 
lukea, to read 
purra, to bite 
pad, head 
k nulla, to hear 
hiaili, 1 i p 
kdsivarsi, arm 



leuka, chin 
rinta, breast 
suu, mouth 
voimakas, strong 
liammas, tooth 
kaula, neck 
korva, ear 
vieraiMd, to visit 
ukla, to swim 
nahda, t o s e e 



EXERCISE XIII. 

A. 1. Mies meni kaupunkiin vaimoinensa ja lap- 
sinensa. 2. He juoksivat kaikin voimin metsaan. 
3. Isa on taalla poikinensa. 4. Han juoksi veteen 
suin pain. 5. On oikein 1 silmin nahda ja korvin 
kuulla. 6. Mies sukelsi kasin ja jaloin. 2 7. Pitka 
puunrunko seisoo maassa juurin. 8. Han tekee tyo- 
ta kaksin kasin. 9. Veli vierailee kaupungissa 
siskoineen. 3 10. Lapset juoksevat paljain jaloin. 

11. Vanha vaimo puhui lipein (flattering) kielin. 

12. Han kaantyi minuun selin. 

B. 1. The man came with his wife and children. 



i On oikein, it is right, etc. 2 Instructive case. kiLsiu ja 
jaloin, with his hands and feet. 3 Siskoineea or sis- 

koiiicnsa. with his sister. The lengthening of the last 
vowel of the stem has occurred in siskoineen, in place of the 
possessive suffix. 



LESSON XIV 51 

2. He swims with his hands and feet. 3. The boy 
reads by the means of 'his eyes. 4. An old woman 
came with her children. 5. The boy is diving with 
the help of his hands and feet. 1 6. The tall tree 
stands in the ground by means of its roots. 2 7. I 
bite with my teeth. 3 8. I also eat with my teeth. 
9. He came home from school with his books and 
pencils in his pocket. 10. A small boy is running 
with no shoes on. 11. He works with both hands 
in the office. 12. The teacher came to school with 
his pupils. 



LESSON XIV. 

READING LESSON. 

Translate into English and find all the cases in 
the following: 

PUUT. 

Maassa kasvaa kaikenlaisia puita. Juurineen ne 
ovat maassa kiinni ja imevat (suck) maasta ra- 
vintoa. Valotta ja lammotta ne eivat voi menes- 
tya. Suurimmat (larger) kasvit ovat puut. Pui- 
den juuret levenevat laajalle maahan. Juurista 
nousee puiden runko. Runko jakautuu ylhaalla 
haaroihin (into branches). Jokaisessa (on each) 



i W i t h the help of his hands and foot, kiisin 
ja jaloin. 2 B y means of it s r o o t s. jimriii. S Use the 

instructive case. 



52 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

haarassa on oksia. Oksissa on lehtisilmuja ja kuk- 
kaumpuja. Kevaalla puhkeavat lehdet, ja kukat 
aukenevat. Hedelmapuissa on hedelmia. Hedelma- 
puut eivat kasva villeina (wild). N!e (they) kas- 
vavat siemenesta. Syksylla (in fall) hedelmat kyp- 
syvat. Syksylla muuttuvat lehdet keltaisiksi, pu- 
naisiksi, ruskeiksi ja harmaiksi. Vihdoin ne putoa- 
vat pois puista. Kaikissa puissa ei ole lehtia. Niis- 
sa on neuloja lehtien sijasta. Sellaisia (such) puita 
me kutsumme (call) havupuiksi (fir tree). 

postikonttorissa (At the Post Office). 

Mina olen outo kaupungissa. Haluaisin (I would 
like) kysya, missa (where) on postikonttori. Posti- 
konttori on tuolla. Haluaisin ostaa kaksi viiden 
sentin postimerkkia (stamp) ja kymmenen kahden 
sentin. Mina lahetan kirjeen aidilleni (to my 
mother) Suomeen. Han odottaa kirjetta minulta. 
Lahetan kirjeen serkuilleni myos. He ovat New 
Yorkin kaupungissa. He osaavat puhua englannin- 
kielta selvasti. Mina haluaisin vakuuttaa (to re- 
gister) taman kirjeen. Paljonko 1 siita menee va- 
kuutukseen? Vakuutus maksaa kymmenen senttia. 
Se ei ole paljon. Olkaa hyva ja kirjoittakaa ni- 
menne ja osotteenne tahan. Mutta ulkomaalle va- 
kuutus maksaa kymmenen senttia. Haluaisin la- 
hettaa rahaa Suomeen. Paljonko lahetatte? Lahe- 
tan noin (about) sata dollaria. Se raha taytyy la- 

l Paljonko, how much? 



LESSON XV 53 

hettaa vekselilla. Kenelle (to whom) se lahete- 
taan? Olkaa hyva ja lahettakaa se kansallis-pank- 
kiin Suomessa. Rahat lahetan tanaan. Kiitos pal- 
jon, herra. 



LESSON XV. 

METHOD OF EXPRESSING THE AUXILIARY 
TO HAVE. 

82. The auxiliary t o h a v e has no exact equiva- 
lent in Finnish. It is, however, expressed by the 
verb olla (65) which is always in the third person 
singular (regardless of its subject) and the word 
corresponding to the subject in English in the 
adessive case; as, 

Minulla on, I h a v e. 
Minulla oli, I h a d. 
Minnlla on ollat, I have had. 
Minulla oli ollut, I had had. 
Minnlla lienee, I may have. 
Minulla lienee ollut, I might had had. 
Minulla olisi, I should (would) have. 
Minulla oli si ollut, I should (would) have 
had. 

83. Some idiomatic phrases: 
Minulla on kylma, I am cold. 
Minulla o?i lammin, I am warm. 



54 



FINNISH GRAMMAR 



Minalla on Hire, I am busy. 
Minulla on jano, I am thirsty. 
Minidla on nalka, I am hungry. 
Han katsoo minium, He is looking at 

m e. 
Olen iloinen nahdessani teita, I am glad 

to see you. 
Terve tidoa, Welcome. 



Vocabulary. 



kertornas, story 
nelja, four 
kaksi, two 
lainehtia, to wave 
kurkku, throat 
rinta, breast 
myoskin, also 
harvoin, seldom 
piwti, store 



onnellinen, happy 
vihannes, vegetable 
hedelma, fruit 
jarvi, lake 
joki, river 
iik ri, sea, ocean 
kuvastin, m irror 
myrsky, storm 
saastad, to save 



EXERCISE XV. 

A. 1. Minulla on kaksi katta. 2. Pojalla oli 
nelja omenaa. 1 3. Tytolla on ollut paljon rahaa. 
4. Minulla on kaksi silmaa, 1 kaksi korvaa, 1 kaksi 
jalkaa 1 ja yksi nena. 5. Mina ostin vihanneksia 
ja hedelmia puodista. 6. Minulla lienee ollut viisi 
dollaria. 1 7. Laaja joki juoksee jarveen. 8, Ha- 



i See 146. 



LESSON XV 55 

nella.olisi ollut rahaa, jos han olisi saastanyt. 9. 
Hevosella on nelja jalkaa. 10. Aurinko ja kuu 
paistavat. 11. Suuri meri lainehtii. 12. Pienella 
pojalla on hedelmia. 

B. 1. I have two hands and two ears. 1 2. I 
have also two feet 1 . 3. The boy has some fruit. 4. 
We bought some vegetables in a store. 5. The 
small girl has two red apples. 1 6. The large river 
runs into a lake. 7. I have had some coffee. 8. 
I may have a letter to-morrow. 9. I should have 
had two letters. 10. I might have had some fruit. 
11. A mirror is bright. 12. The brother has some 
oranges and the sister has apples. 

IHMISEN RUUMIIN JASENET. 

Minulla on paa, kaksi silmaa, kaksi korvaa, kaksi 
huulta 2 , leuka ja suu. Silmilla mina naen. Kor- 
villa mina kuulen. Suussa on minulla hampaat ja 
kieli. Hampailla mina syon. Kielella mina puhun 
ja maistan. Minulla on kasvot ja otsa. Minulla 
on myos kaksi katta ja kaksi jalkaa. Kasilla mina 
teen tyota. Oikealla kadella mina kirjoitan. Oi- 
keassa kadessa mina pidan veitsen, kahvelin ja lu- 
sikan, kun olen syomassa. Minulla on viisi sor- 
mea kumpaisessakin (on each) kadessa. Jaloilla 
mina kavelen, juoksen ja hyppaan. Minulla on 
viisi varvasta kumpaisessakin (on each) jalassa. 
Kun on kylma ilma, niin kasissani pidan kasineet, 



i Use the essive singular. 2 See 146, a. 



56 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

etta kalvosimeni pysyisivat lampimana. Jaloissani 
pidan sukat ja kengat ja kenkien paalla pidan paa- 
lykengat. Kaulassani pidan hatun. Nain koko ruu- 
miini pysyy lampimana. 



LESSON XVI. 

NEGATION. 

84. Verbs are made negative in Finnish by 
placing the negative before the verb. The negative 
is capable of taking the personal endings (32). 
Thus, literally translated en, means 'not V ; et, 
'not thou'; ei, 'not he', etc. 

85. The conjugation of the negative for all 
moods except the imperative, is as follows : 

1st person sing, en, plural emme 
2nd „ „ et, „ ette 

3rd „ „ ei, „ eivat 

86. The conjugation of the negative in the im- 
perative is : 

1st person sing. plural alkaamme or 

elkadmme 

2nd „ „ did or eld „ dlkddtte or 

elkddtte 

3rd „ „ dlkoon or „ alkoot or 

elkoon elkoot 

NOTE. — The personal ending- of the second person plural is 
seldom used. Thus, use alkaa or elkaa in place of alkiiaUte) 
or elkaa(tte). 



LESSON XVI 57 

87. The negative conjugation of the present in- 
dicative, potential, and conditional is formed by 
combining the negative (85) with the stem of each 
tense respectively (the main verb does not take the 
personal endings) ; as, en sano, I do not say (I 
say not); emme sano, we do not say (we 
say not); en sanone, I may not say; en sa- 
noisi, I would not say, etc. 

88. The negative and the nominative of the sec- 
ond participle of the main verb form the negative 
imperfect indicative. The participle must agree 
with its subject in number; as, en sanonut, I d i d 
not say; emme sanoneet, we did not say. 

89. The imperative conjugation of the negative 
and the stem 1 of the main verb form the negative 
imperative conjugation; as, did sano, say not; 
alkddmme sanoko, let us not say. 

90. The negative must agree with its subject in 
number ; as, en sano, I do not say; emme sano, 
we do not say. 

91. The object of the negative verb is always 
partial ; as, En lukenut kirjaa, I did not read 
t h e b o o k. 

92. Some uses of the negative: 
en, et, ei koskaan, never 

ei yksikddn, no one 

ei ketddn, nobody 

ei mitddn, nothing, none 



i The stem ends in -ko or -ko in every person except the 
second person singular. 



58 



FINNISH GRAMMAR 



en, et, ei enempdd, no more. 
en, et, ei kauempaa, no longer 
en, et, ei ensinkddn, not at all 
en, et, ei ainoastaan, not only 

93. The negative is not used with infinitives. 
The English negative infinitive is expressed by the 
use of the abessive of the third infinitive with the 
verb olla; as, olla antamatta, not to give; olla 
menemdttd, not to go, etc. 

94. Learn the negative conjugation of sanoa, 
to say, in 290. 

Vocabulary. 
pdiv&Uinen, dinner aamii, morning 

illallinen, supper 
aamiainen, breakfast 
laksy, lesson 
koira, dog 
kissa, cat 
viela, yet 
valmis, ready 
ilta, evening 



pdiva, day 
yd, night 
helppo, easy 
vaikea, hard, diffi- 
cult 
miitta, but 
kylld, yes 



EXERCISE XVI. 

A. 1. Paivallinen ei ole viela valmis/ 2. Pojat 
eivat syo aamiaista. 3. Me emme syo illallista 4. 
Lyhyt laksy ei ole vaikea oppia. 5. Ei yksikaan 
ole kotona. 1 6. Mustat koirat ja harmaa kissa ei- 



i r.s<- Hi*' essive singular. 



LESSON XVII 59 

vat syo kalaa. 7. Ala tule tanne. 8. Alkaamme 
soko tiellii. 9. Han ei liene kaupungissa. LO, 
Me emme kirjoittaisi, jos han ei vastaisi kirjetta. 
11. En lukenut laksya. 12. He eivat sydneet viela 
aamiaista. 

B. 1. I do not give any money. 2. No one is 
here to-day. 3. Dinner is not ready yet, but break- 
fast is always ready. 4. I did not read the book. 
5. We did not send the letter. 6. Do not run any 
longer. 7. Let us not speak too much. 8. I may 
not go to church to-morrow. 9. We should not be 
without breakfast, dinner, or supper. 10. No one 
is at home. 1 11. Let them not say. 12. They do 
not live in the country. 13. They may not be at 
home. 1 

LESSON XVII. 

PERSONAL AND POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 
i).">. The personal pronouns are: 

SINGULAR PLURAL 

mind, I me, w e 

Bind, thou te, y o u 

han, h e, s h e; se, i t he, 1 1< 

Of these sinti is used among intimate friends, 
relatives, children, or in poetry. T< is used in less 
intimate talk. Se, plu. ne, they, refers to things 



e the essive singular. 



60 



FINNISH GRAMMAR 



or animals. Personal pronouns are inflected like 
nouns. 

96. The exact possessive adjectives, my, thy, 
h i s, etc., are lacking in Finnish. They are ex- 
pressed by the use of the genitive of the personal 
pronoun and the possessive suffixes. Of the geni- 
tives of the personal pronouns the first and second 
person can be left out, but the third person singular 
and plural are almost always used for clearness ; as, 



(minun) kirja\ni, my 

book 
(sinun) kirja\si, thy 

book 
(hanen) kirja\nsa, h i s, 

h e r b o o k 



(meiclan) kirja\mme 

our b o ok 
(teidan) kirja\nne, your 

book 
(heiddn) kirja \ nsa, 



their book 

97. The possessive suffixes are: 

SINGULAR PLURAL 

1st pers. -ni, m y -mme, our 

2nd „ -si, thy -nne, your 

3rd „ -nsa or -nsa, -nsa or -nsa, their 
his, her 

98. Possessive suffixes are added to the case- 
endings, but if a case-ending ends in a consonant 
it is rejected before the consonant of the possessive 
suffix; as, taloo\ni (taloon+wi)> into my house. 

99. Possessive suffixes do not cause the weak- 
ening of the consonant of the stem, although they 
may close a short syllable; as, kehto\?isa, his 



LESSON XVII 61 

cradle, but kehdo\n; hatta\nsa, his hat, but 
hata\n. 

100. Learn the declension of mind, I; % 
thou; han, he or she; me, we; te, y o u ; he, 
they, in 280. Learn also the declension of the 
possessive suffixes in 281, 282, 283, 284. 

Vocabulary. 

IddkdrL doctor pctppi, minister 

kasi, hand kuukausi, month 

ruiimis, body sana, word 

kenkd, shoe laase, sentence 

kampa, comb polvi, knee 

harja, brush kaula, neck 

viikko, week otsa, forehead 

vnosi, year kasvot, face 

rain, so heittdd, to throw 

idos, out korkea, high 

EXERCISE XVII. 

A. 1. Isani on taalla. 2. Sinun aitisi on koto- 
na. 3. Mina heitan palloni korkealle. 4. Hanen 
poikansa lukeee laakariksi. 1 5. Olkaa hyva ja tuo- 
kaa sormukseni ja harjani tanne. 6. Teidan ken- 
kanne ja sukkanne ovat lattialla. 7. Han lahetti 
kirjeen pojallensa. 8. En saanut viela kirjeeseeni 
vastausta pojaltani. 9. Kirjamme ovat poydalla. 
10. Viikkoni, kuukauteni ja vuoteni kuluvat (pa 



62 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

taalla ollessani liian pian. 11. Menkaamme taloosi 
nukkumaan. 12. Tulkaa konttooriini kirjuriksi. 

B. 1. My father and mother are here. 2. I sent 
a letter to my brother. 3. I received a letter from 
my sister. 4. Please send our. shoes and socks. 5. 
Your ring and brush are on the table. 6. Their 
books are on the desk. 7. His boy is studying for 
the ministry. 1 8. The girls do not sing. 9. My 
comb and your brush are here. .10. He received a 
book as a present from your son. 11. The lead- 
pencil is not sharp. 12. His knee and hand are 
hurt. 

KOTI. 

Minulla on pieni koti, jota (which) rakastan 
pal j on. Isani taloa en voi (I cannot) koskaan un- 
hottaa. Siella olen kotonani; siella parhaiten viih- 
dyn. Enkopa tuntisi tieta ja verajaa (gate) ? En- 
kopa taloa ja tupaa muistaisi? Kaikki (all) on 
siella niin tuttua minulle. Naita portaita (stairs) 
olen niin monesti astunut. Taman (this) oven olen 
niin monesti (many times) avannut (open). Ak- 
kunasta olen ulos katsonut (look). Takkavalkean 
loistossa 2 olen lammitellyt. Poydassa olen syonyt. 
Vuoteessa olen nukkunut. Jokaisen (every) istui- 
men tunnen (know), jokaisen kiven ja polun 
(path). Siella en eksyisi, en yon pimeydessakaan 
(in the darkness of night). 



i See 198. 2 Takkavalkean loistossa, before the glow- 
ing hearth. 



LESSON XVIII 63 

Usein olin mukana (with), kun hevosia kaivolla 
(well) juotimme (to water). Usein saatoin leh- 
miamme laitumelle (to the pasture). Usein Mus- 
tille 1 nauroin, kun se oravaa (squirrel) haukkui 
(bark). Muistan viela pihlajan (mountain ash) 
marjoista punaisena, ja koivun (birch), jossa pie- 
ni lintu lauloi. Kesalla olen aholla 2 mansikoita poi- 
minut (to pick). Talvella olen siella makea laske- 
nut (to slide down). Silloinpa iloa oli, kun jar- 
vesta suli jaa ja kun paasimme veneella soutele- 
maan. Syksylla taas lentaa kiidimme kuin linnut 
kirkkaalla jaalla. 

(to be continued). 



LESSON XVJII. 

COMPOUND TENSES. 

101. Compound tenses are the perfect and 
pluperfect. Of these perfect and pluperfect 
occur in the indicative; the perfect in the potential 
and conditional. 

102. The present of the auxiliary olio, and the 
nominative of the second participle form the per- 
fect indicative active; as, Olen sanonut, I have 
said. This corresponds closely to the English 
perfect. 



i The name <>f a <l<>u\ allative case, z Alio, a w I land 

c 1 e ;i r e <l «• ( t r e e 8 i> y t i r <•. ; See 1 1 , i. 



64 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

1(K>. The imperfect of olla and the nominative 
of the second participle form the pluperfect indica- 
tive active ; as, Olin sanonut, I had said. This 
is equivalent to the English pluperfect. 

104. The potential of olla and the nominative 
of the second participle form the perfect potential 
active ; as, Lienen sanonut, I might havesaid. 

105. The conditional of the auxiliary olla and 
the nominative of the second participle form the 
perfect conditional active; as, Olisin sanonut, I 
should have said. 

106. The present negative conjugation of olla 
in its different moods and the nominative of the 
second participle form the negative perfect of the 
indicative, potential, and conditional, while the 
negative imperfect of olla with the second participle 
form the pluperfect indicative; as, 

En ole sanonut, I have not said 

En ollut sanonut, I had not said 

En liene sanonut, I might not have said 

En olisi sanonut, I should not have said 

107. The second participle must agree in num- 
ber with its subject; as, Olen sanonut, I hav e 
said; Olemme sanoneet, We have said. 

108. Learn the affirmative and negative con- 
jugation of compound tenses in 290. 






SON XVIII 



tBULARY. 



saapva, to arrive kytya, t o a s k 

jmhua, to spea k /A'<". to cloe 

/o/x ttaa, to finis h, d o o r 

to en d akkuna, w i n d o w 

kuulla, to hear kartta, m a p 

loytaa, to find t i on 

/una, t r a i n odottaa, t o w a i t 

vaunu, car koto, street 

myohastya, to be late featu reet car 

EXERCISE XVII. 

A. 1. Olen kirjoittanut kirjeen aidilleni. 2. 
Han asuu Bostonin kaupungissa. 3. Juna on my<">- 
hastynyt tfinaan. 4. Se lienee mennyt radalta 
pois. 5. Setani ja tatini olisivat odottaneet minun 
tuloani. 6. Olen jo ostanut matkalipun sinulle. 7. 
Juna on odottamassa 1 sinua. 8. Han ei ole I5yta- 
nyt katuvaunua. 9. Mies oli nukkunut vaunu- 
10. Mina suljen- oven. 11. Isa oli jo lopettanut 
typnsa. 12. Veljeni ei ole viela saapunut. 

B. 1. I have sent a letter to my brother. 2. Ho 
had read it and was glad of it. :». The train had 
gone already. 4. We had come to the station ton 
late. 5. She has been in England. (>. 1 have not 
asked him to come to me. 7. They may not 1 
gone yet. 8. I would have written to you. 9, We 



l On <Mlntt:im:i»N:i >imm. i s \v a i t i n fi 1" " r 
11. 1. 8 was glad Of it. oli iloinru .siiiii. 



66 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

had finished our work. 10. She has received a 
letter from her brother. 11. They have been at 
work. 12. I have found the railroad station. 

koti (continuation). 

Vahatpa siita (I do not mind), josko kotini on 
ollut rikas tai koyha. Olen siella onnellisena ela- 
nyt. Siella on ollut lammin ja hyva olla. Vaatetta 
ja ruokaa, hoitoa ja rakkautta olen siella saanut. 
Siella olen lapsesta asti kasvanut. Siella on isani 
tyota tehnyt. Siella on aitini minulle kauniita lau- 
lujaan laulanut. Iltasin (at nights), kun menin 
vuoteelleni, kuulin aitin rukoilevan edestani (for 
me). 

Tiedan rakastaa pienta kotiani. Mutta en viela 
oikein ymmarra (understand), miten (how) ra- 
kastaa sita suurta kotia, jota (which) me sanom- 
me isanmaaksi. Siella on niin paljon toisin (differ- 
ent) kuin meilla kotona. Tiet ovat toisenlaiset 1 
(different), talot ovat toisellaiset, ihmiset ovat 
toisellaiset, Voin eksya siella, missa en ole koskaan 
ennen (before) ollut. Kukaan ei (no one) minua 
siella tunne (know), enka minakaan ketaan (no 
one) tunne. Kuinka voisin vierasta maata rakas- 
taa? Kuinka voisin olla onnellinen, iloinen vieras- 
ten ihmisten luona? 

Niin, kotini kylla tunnen; mutta mika on isan- 
maani? 



i toittciilniiH'ii, plu. toisenlaiset (see 272). 



i 



LESSON XIX 

LESSON XIX. 

READING LESSON. 

kanarialintu (Canary Bird). 

Liisalla oil pieni kanarialintu. Se lauloi kaiken 
paivaa. Se oli hyvin kaunis. Liisa antoi sille 
menia (seeds) ja raohoja (grass) sydtavaksi. 
Mutta eraana paivana se makasi kuolleena hakis- 

saan (cage). Silloin tyttonen 1 itki kovasti. Han 
itki yha edelleen, vaikka aiti jo oli ostanut handle 
uuden linnun. Silloin sanoi hanelle iiiti: "Miksi it- 
ket? Taalla sinulla on toinen lintu. Se laulaa niin 
hyvin kuin entinenkin" (former). Liisa sanoi: 
"Mina olen ollut linnulle kiittamaton (unthankful). 
Mina olen joskus syonyt itse sokeripalan (a piece of 
su^ar), vaikka se olisi kuulunut (to belong) lin- 
nulle/' 

JANIS JA KOIRA. 

Metsasta.ja meni koirinensa metsaswimaan (hunt- 
ing). Matkalla han puheli (spoke) koirallenc 
Ole nyt tanaan oikein nopea (swift) jaloiltfl 
Kun janiksen tavannet (meet), niin sinua hyvin 
syotan. Kun metsasta.ia kaukaa naki janiksen, 
niin han huusi (shouted) koirallensa : Juokse, 
kiinni (catch). Mutta janis juoksi kovin nopeasti. 



I OUoimii. ,i Small -a ill. S- ■•• also 171. 



68 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

Kbiran kaikki yritykset (efforts) olivat turhat. 
Pian koira naki, etta han turhaan juoksisi, vaikka 
kuinka voimiansa ponnistaisi. Sentahden koira 
masentuneena (discouraged) tuli isantansa (mas- 
ter) luo. Isanta sanoi koirallensa: "Hyvapa 1 lie- 
net sinakin juoksemaan. Katso, miten pieni janis 
on, mutta sinut se jattaa (leave) juoksussa kauas 
jalkeensa. "Naura vain, jos tahdot", sanoi koira, 
bk mutta muista, etta janis juoksi henkensa tahden, 
mina taas juoksin ainoastaan leipapalasen (a piece 
of bread) tahden." 

isanmaani (Fatherland). 

Isani kertoo usein Suomesta. Han kutsuu sita 
isanmaaksi. 

"Minkatahden sanot Suomea isanmaaksi?'' ky- 
syin kerran hanelta. 

"Sentahden, etta olen siella syntynyt (born), etta 
esi-isani (forefather) ja kaikki sukulaiseni ovat 
siella kauan asuneet ja etta se on Suomen kansan 
kotimaa (homeland)", vastasi isani. 

" Mutta onko Suomi minunkin isanmaani, vaikka 
olen syntynyt Amerikassa?" sanoin taas. 

"Oletko suomalainen?" kysyi isani. 

"Olen luonnollisesti (naturally)", sanoin mina. 

"Miksika?" kysyi isani. 

"Kun puhun suomea ja kun isani ja aitini ovat 
suomalaisia, niin minakin olen suomalainen." 

i See 162. 



LESSON XX 69 

"Koska olet suomalainen ja Suomi on suomalaia- 
ten isanmaa, niin Be on sinunkin isanmaasi. Suo- 
men kansa, jonka lapsia olet, on kasvanut Suon* 
>a. Siella ovat sen el&ma, tavat (ci ), kieli 

ja laitokset (institutions) vahitellen (gradual! 
kehittyneet (developed). Nyt kaikki puhu\ 
maa kielta ja ovat samaa kansaa (nation). Suo- 
men kansa rakastaa Suomea ja sille ei ole mikaan 
maa niin rakas kuin Suomi, eika mikaan kieli niin 
kaunis kuin suomenkieli." 

Isani silmat loistivat (shine), kun ban sanoi nain 
ja mina ymmarsin, etta han rakasti Suomea suu- 
resti. 

(to be continued). 

LESSON XX. 

PASSIVE VOICE. 

10J). The passive finite verb in Finnish is im- 
personal, that is to say, no pronoun or noun is 
connected with it as subject. As the source of 
action is not mentioned in the Finnish passive, it 
may be translated by one, some one, people, 
or i t i s ; as, sanotaan, one or some one sa: 
people says, it is said; in French by the 
indefinite article an with the verb always in the 
third person singular. 

110. The stem of the passive verb ends in -to- 
or -ta- after a long vowel, diphthong, or consonant ; 



70 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

-tta- or -tta- after a short vowel. To form the pas- 
sive simple tenses the regular mood and tense signs 
are added to the passive stem. It ends (in every 
mood except the imperative) in -w with the 
lengthening of the last vowel of the 
stem or the mood sign ; as, sano\ ia\an, some 
ones ays, etc.; sano\ttane\en, some one may 
say; sano\ttaisi\rn, some one would say. 

111. The present indicative of the passive ends 
in -daan, 1 -daan 1 after a long vowel or diphthong, 
-faan, 1 -taan 1 after a short vowel or a consonant, 
-naa?i 1 or -naan, 1 -loan, 1 -man 1 after n, I, or r res- 
pectively ; as, saa\da\an, some one receives; 
tuo\da\an, someonebrings; syo\da\an, some 
one eats; men\nd\dn, some one goes; 
pan\na\an, some one puts; tul\la\an, s o-m e 
one comes; pur\ra\an, some one bites. 

NOTE. — The present passive sign is always weakened. 
Thus, -ta, -ta become -da, -da; -nta, -nta. become -una, -nna, 
etc. See Rule 11 for other changes. 

112. The imperfect passive has the sign -Uin 1 
after a long vowel, diphthong, or consonant, -ttiin 1 
after a short vowel; as, saa\ti\in, some one re- 
ceived, etc.; tuo\ti\in, some one brought, 
etc. ; tul\ti\in, some one c a m e, etc. 

i The lengthening of the last vowel of the stem has 
occured. See also the rule 10, e. 



LESSON w 71 

113, The English passive may be transla 
into Finnish in the following way: 
I am loved, Minna rakastetaan (lit. 

loves me) 
I was loved, Minna rakasteti 
1 have been loved, Minna on rakastettu 
1 had been loved, Mimm oli rakastettu 
I shall be loved, Minna rakastetc 
1 a m t o 1 d, MinuUe kerrotac 
I was told, Minnlh kerrottiin, etc. 

111. The pronoun or noun subject of the 
English passive becomes either a direct or indirect 
(dative-objective) object in Finnish. The dir 
object is put in the partitive (if total in the accusa- 
tive) the indirect in the allative. 

1 1.1. The third person singular of the auxiliary 
olla in its different moods and the second passive 
participle form the passive compound tenses; as, 
on sanottu, some one h a s s a i d; oli S( 
s o m e o n e h a d s a i d, etc. 

11(5. The negative conjugation of the passive 
is based on the same principle with that of the 
active, except that the third person singular of the 
and the passive stem with mood signs 
are used. In compound tenses the second passive 
participle is used ; as, <>tn t a o m e one do 

not say; ei ole sanottn, some one has n 
s a i d, etc. 

117. The passive has two infinitives. The 
second infinitive has the sign < or /. the latter form- 



72 



FINNISH GRAMMAR 



ing a diphthong with the last vowel of the stem. 
This is used in the inessive case; as, sano\ttae\ssa, 
or sano\ttai\ssa, in one's saying. 

118. The third infinitive is formed by adding 
-ma or -ma to the passive stem. The instructive 
case is used of this infinitive in connection with 
the verb pitaa, must; as, pitaa sano\ttama\n, 
one must say. 

119. The first participle adds the signs -va or 
-va to the passive stem; as, sanotta\va, to be 
said; sydta\va, to be eaten. 

The second participle has one of the following 
signs 1 : -tu, -ty, -ttu, -tty. These are added to the 
active stem; as, saa\tu, received; teh\ty, made; 
sano\ttu, said; keite\tty, cooked. 

120. Learn the passive affirmative and nega- 
tive conjugation of sanoa, to say, in 291. 

Vocabulary. 



saada, to receive 
pesta, to wash 
kunnioittaa, to honor 
ruoka, food 
kuolla, t o d i e 
usein, often 
pitaa, must 
saada valmiiksi, t o g e t 
ready 



ihailla, to admire 
viipyd, to delay 
keittio, kitchen 
keittaa, to cook 
paistaa, to bake 
soppa, soup 
sitten, then 
muna, egg 



i -tu or -ty is added after a long- vowel, diphthong-, 
consonant; -ttu or -tty after a short vowel. 



LESSON XX 73 

EXERCISE XX. 

A. 1. Minulle sanotaan. 2. Kirje kirjoitetaan. 

3. Paivallinen saadaan jo valmiiksi. 4. Sinun pi- 
taa kunnioittamaan isaasi ja aitiasi. 5. Hants ra- 
kastettiin. 6. Kun olisi hyva ilma, niin mentai- 
siin kirkkoon. 7. Poikaa ei ole nahty taalla. 8. Ei 
vfivytty kauan matkalla. 9. Ei liene kuultu hanen 
sanojansa. 10. Olisi laulettu, jos laulu olisi ollut 
kaunis. 11. Minulle sanottiin niin. 12. Kaikkien 
ihmisten pitaa kuoleman. 13. Sanottakoon ta 
kirjeesta hanelle. 14. Kaunista kuvaa ihaillaan. 
15. Tehtakoon tama tyo ensin (first) ja sitten men- 
takoon ulos. 16. Heille on sanottu se asia. 17. 
Munia oli paistettu meille. 18. Huomenna satanee, 
kun taivas on pilvinen (clouded). 

B. 1. Books are sold. 2. The letter is written 
already. The book was given to him. 4. Some 
one is singing. 5. Some one is cooking soup in the 
kitchen. 6. On a rainy day one may easily catch 
cold. 7. One should be careful about it. 8. Tick 
are bought to Chicago. 9. All must die. 10. The 
letter is not received. 11. Some one in the group 
had no money to pay for his ticket. 12. I am lov 
13. We are told to come here. 14. They have been 
loved. 19. We had been told. 20. The letter was 
given. 17. I was loved. 18. They may be loved. 
19. We had been told. 20. The letter was son! to 
Chicago. 



74 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

LESSON XXI. 

METHOD OF EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME. 

121. Future action in Finnish is usually ex- 
pressed by the present tense; as, Mind luen huo- 
menna, I shall read t o-m orro w, "I read to- 
morrow". 

122. But future time can also be denoted by 
combining the auxiliary olla, to be, and the first 
participle of the main verb. The future thus formed 
has the following meanings : — 

Olen sanova, I shall say 

Oliiz sanova, I was about to say 

Lienen sanova, Perhaps I shall say 

orlmaysay (to-morrow) 
Olisin sanova, I should say 

Vocabulary. 

ahkera, diligent lapio, spade 

xloinen, cheerful ihminen, person, 

varjo, shade human being 

kasvi, plant vaiva, trouble 

eilen, yesterday rakastaa, to love 

kartano, garden katsoa, to look 

menestija, to succeed vahingoittaa, to injure 

palkita, to reward muistaa, to remember 

iiiihdella, to scold eli, o r 

kirves, a x 



LESSON XXI 75 

EXERCISE XXI. 

A. 1. Olen kirjoittava kirjeen huomenna. 2. 11. 
tulee junalla tanaan. 3. Sina olet oleva tydssasi ah- 
kera ja iloinen. 4. Han olisi sanova sinulle. 
5. Veljeni tulee huomenna. 6. Sade ai vahingoita 
kasveja huomenna. 7. Kasvit eivat kasva varjossa. 
8. Lapset leikkivat kartanolla. 9. Puutarhuri rakas- 
taa kasvejaan. 10. Han on iloinen ja katsoo kuinka 
hanen kasvinsa menestyvat. 11. Ne (they) palkit- 
sevat hanen vaivansa. 12. Han tekee tyota kir- 
veella, lapiolla ja haravalla. 1 

B. 1. I shall write a letter to my brother. 2. He 
will come to visit us to-morrow. 3. Then I shall 
be glad. 4. Perhaps I shall receive a letter from 
him before he comes. 5. My mother and father 
will go to New York. 6 I was about to leave for 
Chicago. 7. A man is working in the garden with 
his spade and rake. 1 8. He is always diligent and 
cheerful. 9. The plants will reward his troubles. 

10. He does not let bad boys injure the trees. 

11. He also remembers that plants do not grow 
well in the shade. 12. Children will play in the 
garden to-day. 

puutarhuri. (The Gardener). 

Pienessa talossa asuu vanha mies. Han on puu- 
tarhuri. Han tekee puutarhassa ahkerasti tyota 



i Sec 



76 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

lapiolla ja haravalla. 1 Han on hyva ja ystavallinen. 
Uoisena han katselee puutarhan kukoistavia (blos- 
soming) kasveja. Han rakastaa niita (them). Ne 
menestyvat hyvin. Kasvit palkitsevat moninkertai- 
sesti (many times) hanen vaivansa. Joskus pahat 
pojat vahingoittavat puita. Silloin puutarhuri 
nuhtelee heita. Kuinka saatatte niin tehda? Tama 
puu on kaunistuksena ja varjona koko kartanolle. 
Ihmisille ja elaimille siita on iloa. Niin puutarhuri 
sanoo. Pojat menevat hapeissaan pois. Miehen 
sanat olivat pojille hyva opetus. Sen he aina muis- 
tavat. 2 

HOLMOLAISTEN ELONLEIKKUU (harvesting) . 

Kun holmolaiset leikkasivat ruista (rye), niin he 
tarvitsivat (needed) siihen seitseman (seven) hen- 
kea (person). Yksi painoi (pressed) oljet (straws) 
alas ; toinen 3 piti puuta niiden alia ; kolmas 3 leikkasi 
oljet poikki; neljas 3 kantoi ne lyhteeseen (lyhde = 
bundle) ; viides 3 sitoi lyhteet; kuudes 3 kantoi lyhteet 
kokoon (pile) ; ja seitsemas 3 pani ne kuhilaalle 
(stacks). Matti sattui (happened) kerran nakemaan 
heidan tyonsa, ja han ihmetteli heidan tyhmyyttaan 
(stupidity). Illalla oli puoli 4 peltoa jo leikattu ja 
toinen puoli oli leikkaamatta. Matti halusi auttaa 

NOTE. — Holmolainen, plu. holmolaiset, were thoughtless 
people who made great blunders on account of their stupidity 
and careless way of doing things. 

i See 226. 2 Sen he aina muistavat. they will always 
remember it. 3 See Lesson XXVII. 4 See 152. 



LESSON XXI 77 

holmolaisia ja otti leikatakseen sen, mika viela oil 
leikkaamatta. Kun ban oli lopettanut tyonsfi, niin 
ban pani sirppinsa (sickle) kuhilaan paalle ja meni 
nukkumaan. Holmolaiset tulivat aamulla, naki\ 
etta heidan rukiinsa oli jo leikattu, ja sirppi oli 
kuhilaalla. He suuresti ihmettelivat. Kun he kauan 
tasta neuvottelivat (discussed), tulivat he vii- 
mein siihen paatokseen (conclusion), etta sellainen 
(such) tyo oli noidan (witch) tyota, ja etta noita 
oli muuttunut (changed) sirpiksi. Tama oli siis 
hukutettava (to be drowned), etta se ei enaan pi- 
laisi (spoil) heidan hyvaa tyotaan. Mutta ei ollut 
hyva koskea niin vaaralliseen esineeseen (object) ; 
sen vuoksi otettiin tanko (pole), sidottiin sen paa- 
han silmukka (tie) ja talla he vetivat (drew) sir- 
pin pois kuhilaalta. Koko joukko (group) oli ih- 
meissaan (wondered) siita, kuinka sirpin taytyi 
kulkea heidan perassa jarven rantaan, vaikka se 
kaikin voimin (with all its might) taisteli (fought) 
vastaan. Vihdoin saatiiin sirppi veneeseen ja nyt 
soudettiin keskelle jarvea. Varteen (handle) si- 
dottiin iso kivi lujilla koysilla (rope), etta se ei 
nousisi veden paalle, ja sitten se heitettiin (throw) 
jarveen. Mutta pahaksi onneksi (unfortunately) 
tarttui (catch) sirpin tera (edge) veneen laitaan, 
kivi painoi, vene kaatui (was turned over), ja hol- 
molaiset paasivat (escaped) toin tuskin (hardly) 
noidan pahoista pauloista (bad traps). 



78 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

LESSON XXII. 

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 

123. Finnish adjectives have three degrees of 
comparison, the positive, the comparative, and the 
superlative. 

124. The comparative is formed by adding to 
the stem of the positive the signs -mpa- or -rnpci- 
which are weakened to -mma- or -rnmii-. 

The nominative singular ends in -mpi; as, suu- 
re\mpi, bigger. 

125. The superlative has the sign -m in the nom- 
inative singular. This is added to the positive 
stem; as, suur\in, biggest.. In the other cases 
the signs -impa- (-imma-, see 11, h) in the singular; 
-impi (-immi-, see 11, h.) in the plural occur after 
the vowel stem; as, suur\imma\lle, to the big- 
gest; suur\immi\ lie, to the biggest (ones) . 

126. Adjectives of various degrees with proper 
consonental and vowel changes are declined like 
substantives, and they must agree in number 
and case with the noun they modify ; as, pienelle 
pojalle, to the small boy; pienille pojille, t o 
the small boys, etc. 



LESSON XXII 



79 



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80 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

129. Learn the declension of adjectives in 277, 
278, 279. 

Vocabulary. 

omena, apple marja, berry 

sitruuna, lemon mansikka, strawberry 

ruokahnone dining mustikka blueberry 

room kukka, flower 

vierashuone, parlor rwusu, rose 

kyllin, enough makea, sweet 

niin .... kuin, a s .... a s viheria, green 

kuin, than myrskyinen, stormy 

kesa, summer vuodenaika, season 

kevat, spring hapan, sour, bitter 

EXERCISE XXII. 

A. 1. Minun omenani on makeampi kuin sinun 
omenasi. 2. Talvi on pisin vuodenajoista. 3. Mut- 
ta kesa on ihanin vuodenaika. 4. Silloin viheria 
ruoho kasvaa maassa ja ruusut kukkivat. 5. Han 
antoi lahjan ahkerammalle pojalle. 6. Sitruuna on 
happamempi kuin omena. 7. Pieni poika on niin 
ahkera kuin tyttokin. 8. Vierashuone on kauniim- 
pi kuin ruokahuone. 9. Syksy on myrskyisempi 
kuin kesa. 10. Sain kirjeen rakkaimmalta ystaval- 
tani. 12. Sina olet pitka, han on pitempi, mutta 
tuo mies on kaikista pisin. 

B. 1. An apple is sweeter than a lemon. 
2. Good strawberries and blueberries are found 



LESSON XXIII 81 

here. 3. Give this to the most diligent and cheer- 
ful boy. 4. A man is stronger than a small b 
5. Our dining room is larger than the parlor. 
(>. But the parlor is more beautiful. 7. 1 received 
a letter from my dearest friend. 8. I sent leti 
to my good friends. 9. He lives in a larger ho> 
than you. 10. They come from the most beautiful 
city in America. 11. Beautiful pictures are on the 
walls. 12. The man gave present to the poorest 
boys and girls. 



LESSON XXIII. 

INTERROGATION. 

130. Word questions are introduced by various 
interrogative pronouns and adverbs. The inter- 
rogatives kuka, who; ken, who, are used of per- 
sons ; mikd, what; kumpi, which of the 
t w o ; kumpainen, which one, are used of per- 
sons and things. The first two are substantives 
while the last three can be used substantively and 
adjectively. 

131. Sentence questions may be introduced by 
the particles or enclitics - ko or -fed which i 
appended to the emphatic word which usually stands 
first; as, Tuleeko h&n tanacin? Will he come 
to-day? Meneeko hfin kaupunkiin? Will he go 
to the city? 



82 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

132. When negative questions are introduced 
by -fco or -ko the enclitics are always appended to 
the negative word ; as, Eiko han tule ? Is he not 
coming? Eivdtkb he kirjoita? Do they not 
w rite?. 

133. Learn the declension of the interrogatives 
in 287. 

Vocabulary. 

kokous, meeting suunnitelma, scheme 

vskdltaa, to dare hiljaa, quietly 

kello, bell haukkua, to bark, 
pyydystaa, to catch to insult 

acini, voice, sound kukko, rooster 

tietati, to know ottaa, to take 

kylla, yes hiiri, mouse 
keksia, to invent 

EXERCISE XXIII. 

A. 1. Kuka tulee? 2. Taalla tulee minun isani. 
3. Mika mies sina olet? 4. Kenen kirja on sinul- 
la? 5. Kenelta sina saat rahaa? 6. Missa sina 
olet ollut. 7. Eiko poika tullut kaupunkiin? 8. 
Tuleeko han tanaan? 9. Kumpi teista osasi parem- 
min laksynsa tanaan? 10. Keta han tahtoo? 11. 
Kumpaiselle pojalle tuli kirje? 12. Oliko han tul- 
lut junalla tahi jalan? 

B. 1. Is brother coming home to-day? 2. What 
man are you? 3. Where have you been? 4. Did 



LESSON XXIII 

we not give the book to you? 5. Which of the two 

is here? 6. To whom shall I send the letter? 7. 
From what city do you come? 8. Did the roo 
crow? 9. Has not the black cat caught the i 
10. Yes, she caught it. 11. To what city are you 
going? 12. Did you come on the train or by foot? 

KISSA JA HIIRET. 

Kissa pyydysti ja soi paljon hiiria. Sentahden 
hiiret hanta pelkasivat. Kerran hiiret pitivat ko- 
kousta aitassa. He keksivat suunnitelman. Kissa 
tuli aina hyvin hiljaa. Se ei haukkunut kuin koira. 
Se ei laulanut kuin kukko. Sentahden he paatti- 
vat panna kellon kissan kaulaan. Silloin kaikki 
kuulisivat kissan kellon aanen. Mutta ei kukaan 
uskaltanut panna kelloa kissan kaulaan. Hyva 
suunnitelma meni hukkaan. 

isanmaani (continuation). 

Olin jo kauan tietanyt, etta olin suomalainen, 
olin rakastanut suomenkielta, olin lukenut kaunii- 
ta runoja (poems), olin kuunnellut suomalaisia lau- 
luja, kun aitini tai joku muu (some one) oli niita 
laulanut, mutta nyt vasta ymmarran, miten Suomi 
voi olla minunkin 1 isanmaani. 

Kerran kysyin isaltani, mitenka suomalaisilla on 
niin paljon omia kauniita lauluja. 

Isani sanoi: "Suomen kaunis luonto (nature) on 



84 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

kehittanyt (developed) kansamme sellaiseksi, etta 
se rakastaa runoja ja lauluja. Suomen valoisat 
kesayot (summer nights) ja lintujen laulut ovat 
tehneet sen, etta ihmiset pitavat runoista ja lau- 
luista. 

Holla kuuntelen (listen to) aina, kun isani tai 
veljeni kertoo Suomen tuhansista jarvista, koskis- 
ta (waterfall) ja ihanista saarista. Myoskin ha- 
luan kuulla Suomen monista kuuluista (famous) 
miehista, ja naisista (women), jotka ovat tehneet 
maansa kuuluisaksi ulkomailla (abroad). Haluan 
lukea myos kertomuksia, jotka puhuvat kuinka 
Suomen kansa on uskollisesti (faithfully) tehnyt 
tyota isanmaansa hyvaksi. 

Kun menen Europaan, niin haluan nahda Suo- 
men kaikkine ihanuuksineen (with all her splen- 
dors). Nyt tiedan, mika on isanmaani. 



LESSON XXIV. 

DEMONSTRATIVE AND RELATIVE 
PRONOUNS. 

134. The demonstrative pronouns are tama, 
this, plu. ndmd or namat, these; tuo, that, 
plu. nuOy those; se, i t or t h a t, plu. ne, those. 
These pronouns can be used substantively and 
adjectively. They may refer to persons or things, 
and must agree in number and case with the words 
for which they stand. 



LESSON XXIV 

135. The relative pronouns arc joka, who, 
which; mikii, what. They refer to persons and 
things and can be used as substantives or ad- 
jectives. 

lo(>. The relative pronoun must ah e ex- 

pressed in Finnish, although it is often omiti 
in English; as, Ystdvat, joita rakastan, The 
friends (whom) I love; Kirja, jonka hdn 
myi, on kannis, The book (which) he sold is 
beautiful. 

It should be noticed that the relative clause in 
Finnish is always separated from the main clause 
by a comma. 

137. Learn the declension of the demonstrative 
and relative pronouns in 285, 286. 

Vocabulary. 

racintola, restaurant cier/a, meal 

rnajatalo, hotel vdh va, s t r o ng 

Hike, business keskustella, to talk 

karhu, bear padttaa, to decide 

sopimus, agreement vetaa, to pull 

kontata, to crawl sitoa, t o t i e 

selva, clear potkaista, to kick 

j&rki, reason, mind k i/lki, side 

EXERCISE XXIV. 

A. 1. Tama poika paatti menna kirkkoon. _\ 
Mina annan talle tytolle kirjan. 3. Missa on hyva 



86 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

ravintola ja majatalo? 4. Tassa ravintolassa tar- 
joillaan kahvia ja ruokaa. 5. Mies, joka on tuolla, 
on tyton seta. 6. Kahvila, josta tulen, ei ole kau- 
kana taalta. 7. Nama miehet tekevat tyota ko- 
vasti. 8. Tuo mies tekee tyota ahkerammin kuin 
tama. 9. He vetavat karhun ulos pesasta. 10. Han 
on syonyt hyvan aterian tassa ravintolassa. 11. 
Kuinka paljon maksaa ateria? 12. Jarjetta 1 emme 
voi ajatella. 

B. 1. Who is this boy? 2. That boy is my 
brother. 3. Those flowers are beautiful. 4. The 
man whom you saw is my friend. 5. These pic- 
tures are more beautiful than those you sold. 6. In 
what city do you live? 7. To whom shall I send 
this letter? 8. From whom did you receive that 
present? 9. Where are you going? 10. An hotel 
and a restaurant are found here. 11. We take our 
meals at this hotel. 12. The boys to whom I shall 
send these books are my good friends. 

holmolaisten metsastys. 

Kerran menivat holmolaiset karhuja metsasta- 
maan. Kun olivat tulleet karhun pesalle, niin he 
ensin soivat vahvan aterian. Kun olivat syoneet, 
niin he paattivat, etta Pekka konttaa ensin pesaan 
ja tuo karhun ulos. Varmuuden vuoksi 2 he olivat 
sitoneet koyden (rope) hanen jalkaansa. Jos hata. 

i jarjetta, without brains. See also 11, m. 2 Var- 
muuclen vuoksi, for precaution, or in order to be 
safe. 



LESSON XXIV 87 

(trouble) tulee, niin Pekka potkaisee, ja hanen 
toverinsa vetavat hanet ulos. Sellainen oli sopi- 
mus. Pekka konttasi pesaan, ja aivan heti kim han 
oli paassyt pesaan, niin karhu puri haneltii paan 
pois. Hiukan liikutti (moved) Pekka jalkojansa, 
mutta pian han kuoli. Ulkopuolella (outside) ole- 
vat toverit (fellows) sanoivat: "Nyt Pekka pot- 
kaisi. Siella sisalla ei varmaan ole hyva olla. ' 
Silloin he vetivat Pekan ulos, ja Pekka oli paaton. 
Niin, totisesti (truly) paaton! Niin holmolaiset 
neuvottelivat ja sanoivat, mita tama tarkoittaisi 
(mean). Yksi heista vaitti (argued), etta ei ollut 
niin varmaa (certain), oliko Pekalla paata silloin- 
kaan, 1 kun han pesaan konttasi. Toinen sanoi: "Oli 
hanella paa. Nain selvaan, kuinka parta liikkui, 
kun han soi herneita aamiaiseksi ,? (for breakfast). 



LESSON XXV. 

REFLEXIVE AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 

locS. The reflexive pronoun is itee, self. It 
is used with the possessive suffixes except in the 
nominative case. Its singular and plural declen- 
sions are alike; as, — 



i -kaait is only a Btrengthtening par; 



88 



FINNISH GRAMMAR 



mind Use, I myself 

minutte itse\lle\ni, t o 
myself 

sina Use, thou thy- 
self 

sinulle itse\lle\si, to thy- 
self 

han Use he himself 

i 
hdnelle itse\lle\nsd, to 
himself 



me Use, w e ourselves 
meille itse\lle\mme, to 

ourselves 
te Use, you yourself 

teille itse\lle\nne, to 
yourself 

he Use, they them- 
selves 

heille Use\lle\nsd, to 
themselves 



NOTE. — Any transitive verb can be used reflexively with 
the reflexive pronoun itse, self if the sense allows, that 
the subject of the verb acts upon itself as the object; as, 



leikkaan itseiini, I cut my- 


leikkaamme itseamme, w e 


self 


cut ourselves 


leikkaat itseasi, you cut 


leikkaatte itseanne, you cut 


yourself 


yourself 


leikkaa itseansa, he cuts 


leikkaa vat itseansa, they 


himself 


cut themselves 



139. The indefinite pronouns are: 



joka, every, any 
joku, some one 
jompikumpi, one 

the two 
molemmat, both 
eras, some one 
moni, many 
jokainen, every one 



kukin, each, each 
one 
o f mikin, any one 
kumpikin, both 
kukaan, any one 
kenkddn, any one 
kaikki, sl 1 1 
jokin, some 



Some of these are formed from the relative and 
interrogative pronouns by adding the particles 



LESSON XXV 

-kaan, -k&iin, -ka, -I;u, or -tan. Of the pronoun 
jompikumpi both component parts are declined. 

NOTE. Kukiiiiii and kemkftta are >nly in i 

sentences. The firat component parte ku- and k«*n- 
word are declined. 

1 40. Reciprocal action is expressed by the word 
toinen, second with the plural possessive suf- 
fixes. The word is used doubled or singly ; 
Rakastakaa toinen toistanne or Rakastakaa 

sianne. Love one another. 

Vocabulary. 

talonpoika, peasant huokea, cheap 

kulkuri, wanderer kaMs, expensive, 
sokea, blind dear 

kana, hen tietaa, to know 

erehtya, toerr valehtelija, liar 

peittaa, to conceal huvittaa, to amuse 

ratal, left selitt&a, to explain 

oikea, right matkustaa, to tr a v e I 

laiva, ship matka, tour, trip 
hint a, price 

EXERCISE XXV. 

A. 1. Kaupunkiin menee tie joka talosta, 2. 
Kumpikin poika sai omenan isalta. 3. Eras kul- 
kuri meni tuohon taloon. 4. Molemmat miehet 
ovat tyossa. 5. Etko osaa sanoa mitaan? 6. Etko 
tunne ketaan naistfi miehista? 7. En tunne kum- 
paakaan naista miehista. 8. Isalla oil kaksi poi- 



90 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

kaa, mutta han ei antanut taloansa kummallekaan 
heista. 9. Aiti antoi tytoillensa omenan kullekin. 
10. Huvitin itseani pianon soitolla. 11. Rakasta- 
kaatte toisianne. 12. Lapsi vahingoitti itseansa. 

B. 1. The mother gave an apple to each one of 
her children. 2. Each one of you should do his 
best. 3. Some one asked for you. 4. Every one 
who wants to travel in England must first cross 
the Atlantic. 5. I myself wrote that letter. 6. He 
himself 1 saw it. 7. Amuse yourself 2 when you 
come to our city. 8. Let us love one another. 3 9. 
All must be ready to go. 10. Both of these roses 
are beautiful. 11. No one knows where he is. 12. 
Both the left and right eye of the horse are blind. 

HEVOSEN VARKAUS. 

Eraalta talonpojalta varastettiin yolla hanen pa- 
ras hevosensa. Han meni markkinoille, joita pi-- 
dettiin eraassa etaisessa (remote) kaupungissa. 
Siella han naki oman hevosensa, jota eras aivan 
outo mies tarjosi huokeasta hinnasta. Nopeasti 
han tarttui hevosen ohjaksiin kiinni ja huusi 4 : 
"Tama on minun hevoseni. Se on minulta talla 
viikolla varastettu." Outo mies sanoi: "Te ereh- 
dytte, hyva mies. Tama hevonen on minim, vaik- 



i Han itse, he himsalf, etc. 2 Huvita itseSsi, amuse 

yourself, etc. 3 Rakastakaamme toisiamme, let us love 
one another. 4 Stem huutaa, of which the final a is 
dropped before the imperfect sign i (10, e) thus forming - 
huuti, but t between the two vowels is changed to s. This 
change always occurs in the imperfect. 



LESSON XXVI 91 

ka se on suuresti teidan hevosenne nakdifien." 

Silloin talonpoika peitti hevosensa molemmat si 1- 
mat ja sanoi: "Jos hevonen on teidan, niin sano- 
kaa, kumpi silma on sokea." Tama vastasi nopeas- 
ti: "Vasen." — "Niinko? ettepa tietanytkaan! ,, 
sanoi talonpoika. "Ei, ei, mina sanoin epahuo- 
miossa (by mistake) vaarin", sanoi vieras. "Oikea 
silma silla on sokea." Silloin talonpoika sanoi: 
< k Nyt sina olet itse todistanut (proved), etta olet 
varas ja valehtelija. Katsokaa, miehet! Talla he- 
vosella ei ole kumpikaan silma sokea." Ymparillii 
seisovat miehet sanoivat: "Nyt tuo mies joutui 
kiinni (is caught)." Varas otettiin kiinni (was 
arrested) ja sai rangaistuksensa. 

LESSON XXVI. 

CARDINAL NUMBERS. 

141. Simple numerals are: 

1. yksi 6. kunsi 

2. kaksi 7. seitsemdn 

3. kolme 8. kahdeksan 

4. nelja 9. yhdeksan 

5. viisi 10. kymmem 
100. sata 1,000. tuhat 

1,000,000. miljoona 



92 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

142. The numbers from eleven to twenty are 
formed by adding the suffix -toista to the corre- 
sponding number below ten; as, — 

11. yksitoisla 15. viisitoista 

12. kaksitoista 16. kuusitoista 

13. kolmetoista 17. seitsemdntoista 

14. neljdtoista 18. kahdeksantoista 

19. yhdeksdntoista 

143. Numbers denoting tens, hundreds, 
thousands, and millions are compounds 
with the smaller numeral first. Both component 
parts are declinable. 

20. kaksikymmentd 70. seitsemdnkymmenta 

30. kolmekymmentd 80. kahdeksankymmenld 

40. neljdkymmenld 90. yhdeksdnkymmentd 

50. viisikymmentd 200. kaksisataa 

60. kuasikymmentd 3,000. kolmettihatta 

144. The numbers from twenty up between 
tens, hundreds, thousands, etc., are 
formed by placing the larger number first followed 
by the required smaller number; as, — 

21. kaksikymmentdyksi 
31. kolmekymmentdyksi 
41. neljdkymmentdyksi 
51. viisikymmentdyksi 
61. kuusikymmentdyksi 
71. seitsemdnkymmentdyksi 



LESSON XXVI 93 

81. kahdeksankymmentiiyk 
91. yhdeksankymmentayksi 
101. satayksi 
201. kaksisataayksi 
301. kolmesataayksi 
401. neljdsataayksi 
501. viisisataayksi 
601. kuusisataayksi 
701. seitsemansataayksi 
801. kahdeksansataayksi 
901. yhdekscinsataayksi 
1001. tuhatyksi 

14.1. Both cardinal and ordinal numbers are 
declinable, but the first part only of .the numbers 
from ten to twenty is declined; the second part 
always remains in the partitive; as, yhdellet 
ta miehelle, to the eleven men; yhdeltdtoi 
m iehelta, from the eleven men. 

14(i. The numerals are used much the same 
way in Finnish as in English, however, the follow- 
ing peculiarities should be noticed: 

(a) If the cardinal number is in the nominative 
or accusative (except yksi, one; miljoona, mil- 
lion) the word modified by it should be always 
in the partitive singular; as, kaksi miesta, t 
men; kolme poikaa, three boy s. 

(b) In other cases the numeral agrees with the 
word it modifies; as, kuudelle miehell -ix 
men, etc. 



94 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

147. Names of the months are: 
tammikuu, January heincikuu, July 
helmikuu, February elokuu, August 
maaliskuu, March syyskuu, September 
huhtikuu, April lokakuu, October 
toiikokuu, May marraskuu, November 
kesakuu, June joalukuu, December 

148. The days of the week are: 
maanantai, Monday torstai, Th u r s d a y 
tiistai, Tuesday perjantai, Friday 
keskiviikko, W e d n e s- lauantai, Saturday 

day sunnuntai, Sunday 

NOTE. — The names of the months and the clays are not 
capitalized in Finnish. 

149. The distributive numbers are formed by 
the endings -ttain or -ttain; as, kaksittain, t w o 
by two; yksittain, one by one. 

EXERCISE XXVI. 

A. 1. Kaksi miesta ja yksi poika asuvat talossa. 
2. Viikossa on seitseman paivaa. 3. Vuodessa on 
kaksitoista kuukautta. 4. Mina nukuin kahdeksan 
tuntia. 5. Juna myohastyi kymmenen tuntia. 6. 
Kaytava on yhdeksan jalkaa pitka ja nelja jalkaa 
levea. 7. Isompi poika painaa sata paunaa. 8. 
Tassa huoneessa on kahdeksan tuolia ja yksi poyta. 
9. Han on laulanut kahdellekymmenelle miehelle 
ja kolmellekymmenelle naiselle tassa huoneessa. 



LESSON XXVII 95 

10. Pojilla on ruokaa kuudeksi viikoksi I 

11. Yksittain, kaksittain pojat astuivat ulos. L2. 
Kahdesti olen ollut Chicagossa. 

B. 1. There are five men and three boya in 
this room. 2. How old are you? 3. I am twenty- 
one years old. 4. How many days are there in a 
week? 5. There are seven days in a week. 6. 
There are twelve months in a year. 7. How many 
dollars do you have in your pocket? 8. I have 
one hundred and twenty-five dollars. 9. The boys 
stepped in, one by one. 10. I collected (kokosin) 
this money from five men. 11. Please give me 
four dollars. 12. There are five children and four 
women in this room. 



LESSON XXVII. 

ORDINAL NUMBERS. 

150. The formation of the ordinals is b; 
upon the same principle as that of the cardinals. 
It should, however, be noticed that ordinals, except 
ensimainen, first, and toinen, second, end in 
s in the nominative; in other cases -nic- (weakened 
to -nne-, see 11, i). 

1st ensimdiru 19th yhdeksastoista 

2nd toinen 20th kahdeskymmen 

3rd kolmds 21st kahdeskymmenesyh 

4th neljds 30th kolmaskymme* 



96 



FINNISH GRAMMAR 



5th viides 

6th kuudes 
7th seitsemds 
8th kahdeksas 
9th yhdeksas 
10th kymmenes 
11th yhdestoista 
12th kahdestoista 
13th kolmastoista 
15th viidestoista 
15th neljdstoista 
16th kuudestoista 
17th seitsemdstoista 
18th kahdeksastoista 



31st kolmaskymmenesyhdes 
40th neljdskymmenes 
41st neljdskymmenesyhdes 
50th viideskymmenes 
51st viideskymmenesyhdes 
60th kmideskymrnenes 
61st kuudeskymmenesyhdes 
70th seitsemaskymmenes 
71st seitsemaskymmenesy tides 
80th kahdeksaskymmenes 
81st kahdeksaskymmenesyhdes 
90th yhdeksaskymmenes 
91st yhdeksdskymmenesyhdes 
100th sadas 



151. Fractions can be expressed by the ordinal 
number + osa, p a r t, or b y the cardinal + ordinal 
+ osa; as, 1 / g viides-osa or t//cs£ viides osa; 2 / 3 fcafcsi 
kolmas-osaa. 

152. Puoli, half, always takes the partitive 
singular except when it modifies a numeral; as, 
2moZ£ paunaa lihaa, a half pound of meat; 
p2ioK kuusi, half pastsix. 

153. Multiplications are expressed by com- 
bining the word fcerta (weakened to kerran, see 
11, k) times, with the cardinal or ordinal 
number; as, kolme kertaa (146, a) kolme, three 
times three; mm kertaa seitsemdn, five 
times seven; notice ensimdinen kerta, the 



LESSON XWII 

first time; kymmenes kerta, the tenth 

t i m e. 

l.">4. The time in years is expressed: 

(a) By placing the word vuc ear, in the 
ive followed by a cardinal number which is no! 

inflected; as, vuonna tuhat yhdeksansataa 

ioist a, in the year nineteen hundred 

and fifteen. 

(b) By placing both imosi and the number in 
the genitive; as, kuttden six 
years old. 

155, The day of the month is expressed: 

(a) By placing first the name of the month in 
the genitive and an ordinal number and the word 
paiva, day, in the essive; as, kesakuun neljanti 
paivana, on or in the fourth day of June. 

(b) By placing the ordinal number and piiiril in 
the essive, and the name of the month either in 
the partitive or inessive; as, neljantena p 
kesdkuuta, or neljantena paivana kesdk on 
the fourth day of June. 

156. Fractions of an hour are denoted by the 
word kello which is not inflected followed by a 
cardinal number declined; as, — 

Kello an kymmenen minutdtia nulla 1 kuusi, 1 I 

is ten minutes of six (lit. the clock is 

lacking or wanting ten minutes). 



i \ allla means l a c k or w a n t. 



98 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

Kello on puoli kahdeksan, It is half past 
eight o'c 1 o c k. 

Kello on viisitoista minuuttia yli 1 kolmen, It i s 
fifteen minutes past three (lit. the 
clock is past or over fifteen minutes). 

Kello on yksitoista, It is eleven o'c lock. 

EXERCISE XXVII. 

A. 1. Nyt on kesakuun viides paiva. 2. Pal- 
jonko on kello 2 ? 3. Kello on puoli kymmenen. 4. 
Kello on viisi minuuttia vailla seitseman. 5. Onko 
huomenna heinakuun neljas paiva 3 ? 6. Kylla se 
lienee. 7. Kun syksy tulee, niin paiva paivalta ilma 
kay kylmemmaksi. 8. Kesakuu on vuoden kuudes 
kuukausi. 9. Ensi sunnuntaina, viidentena paiva- 
na joulukuuta, menen Chicagoon. 10. Columbus 
loysi Amerikan vuonna 1492. 11. Kello seitsemal- 
ta saamme jo aamiaista. 12. Juna lahtee New 
Yorkiin puoli viisi jalkeen puolen paivan. 4 

B. 1. What time is it? 2. It is half past five. 
3. It is twenty minutes of six. 4. It is fifteen 
minutes after four. 5. To-day we celebrate the 
Fourth of July. 6. In the year 1915. 7. I shall 
see you on the tenth day of December. 8. Read 
the sixth and eleventh chapters of this book. 9. 
I live at 320 Fifteenth Street. 10. The first day 



i Yli means over or past, and governs the genitive case. 
2 Paljonko on kello? what time is it? 3 Onko huomenna 
heinakuun neljas paiva? Is to-morrow the Fourth 
of July? 4 jalkeen puolen paivan, in the afternoon. 



LESSON XXVI 1 1 99 

of the week is Sunday. 11. The first month of 
the year is January. 12. The twenty-sixth of May 
1916. 



LESSON XXVIII. 

COMPOUND NOUNS. 

157. Compound nouns are: 

(a) Co-ordinate in which case the hyphen 1 is 
used to separate the words from each other; as, 
Suomalaix-englantilainen, F i n n i s h-E n g 1 i s h. 

(b) Those in w T hich the last word is defined by 
the first one which precedes it. The first compon- 
ent part is often either in the nominative or geni- 
tive, and in this case only the last component part 
is inflected ; as, iscinmaa, fatherland; isarir 
maalle, to the fatherland; rautatic, rail- 
road; rantatielle, to the railroad. 

But if the first word of a compound noun is an 
adjective then both component parts are inflected; 
as, vierasmies, witness (lit. vieras, strange 
+ mies, man); vieraallemiehelle, to the wit- 
ness; omatunto, conscience; omantannon, of 
the conscience. 



i The hyphen is also used for clearness between two com- 
ponent parts if the first word ends and the second word 

ins with the same vowel sound: as. tsi-isii. forefather. 



100 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

AHTI JA PAIMEN. 

Paimen istui kerran joen rannalla ja vuoli 
(chipped) puuta. Vahingossa 1 putosi 2 veitsi ha- 
nen kadestansa jokeen ja meni pohjaan. Suruis- 
sansa (in sorrow) paimen alkoi itkea katkerasti. 
Ahti :5 kuuli hanen itkunsa. Han tuli paimenen luo 
ja kysyi hanelta: "Mita itket?" Paimen sanoi ha- 
nelle syyn (reason, cause). Heti Ahti sukelsi 2 
(dove) pohjaan ja toi paimenelle kultaveitsen 
(knife of gold). Paimen ei ottanut sita, vaan sa- 
noi: "Ei se ole minun veitseni v . Han itki yha edel- 
leen. Ahti sukelsi taas pohjaan. Nyt han toi ho- 
peaveitsen (knife of silver) ja tarjosi sita paime- 
nelle. Paimen sanoi taaskin: "Ei sekaan ole mi- 
nun veitseni." Ahti sukelsi viela kerran pohjaan 
ja toi paimenelle rautaveitsen (knife of iron). 
Taman paimen ilolla omisti. Ahti kiitti paime- 
nen rehellisyytta (honesty). Han lahjoitti paime- 
nelle molemmat seka kultaveitsen etta hopeaveitsen. 

Toiset saivat pian tietaa taman tapauksen. Eras 
paimen ajatteli: u Ehka minullakin on yhta hyva 
onni.^ Han meni joen rantaan, heitti jokeen veit- 
sen ja alkoi itkea. Ahti tuli taas ja toi kultaveit- 
sen. Han tarjosi sita paimenelle ja sanoi: "Tatako 
itket?" Paimen sanoi: "Juuri sita/' Han oikaisi 
(stretched) katensa ja aikoi ottaa sen. Mutta Ah- 



i \ ahiimoss:i, by chance, etc. 2 See page 90, note 4. 
3 Ahti, the god of the sea in the Finnish mythology. 



LESSON XXVIII 101 

ti, joka vihasi paimenen petollisuutta (deceitful 
act), meni pois ja otti kultaveitsen mukas 
(with him). Paimen men^tti siis vielfi omankin 

veitsensa. 

Rehellisyys maan perii. 

kettu J A kalastaja (The Fox and the 
Fisherman). 

Oli kerran mies 1 , joka sai eraana paivana niin 
paljon kaloja, kuin suinkin mahtui hanen rekeen- 
sa.- Hyvin iloisena han meni kotiinsa. Han i 
ajoi isoa kuormaansa. Matkalla han lauloi iloista 
laulua. Mutta mikahan tuo on, joka tuolla keskella 
tieta makaa? Kuollut kettupa (see 162) se on. Ta- 
man mies piti hyvana saaliina. Kaunis turkiksi 
(furcoat), kettu kulta. Satuitpa hyvaan aikaan! 
Mies nosti ketun kuormansa (load) paalle, mutta 
itse han istui etupuolelle (front). 

Mutta ilkea kettu ei ollut kuollut. Silla oli omat 
suunnitelmansa (scheme) . 

Miehen huomaamatta (without notice) heitteli 
se kuormasta kaikki kalat tielle. Sitten hyppasi 
(jump) se itsekin reesta alas. Nyt alkoi se kaloja 
tielta kokoamaan. Toiset se saasti. Toiset se BOl 
suuhunsa. Niin hyvaa ateriaa ei se ollut pitkaiin 
aikaan saanut. 



l Oil kerran ml*-*, o n C 6 U p <> n a t i in 6 t h e r e W B 
111 a kuin Miiinkin .... rcktciiNii, a s h is B le 1 g \\ 

could hold - • 198. 



102 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

Mies, joka iloisena eteenpain (forward) ajoi, ei 
tata ollenkaan havainnut. Viimein tuli han kotiin 
kuormineen. Vaimo tuli hanta vastaan. 

kk Missa olet niin kauan ollut, mieheni?" 

"Ala ole millasikaan, 1 vaimoni. Nyt pidetaan 
suuret pidot (feast). Pane pata tulelle. Minulla 
on reki taynna (full of) kaloja." 

"Todellakin (truly), mieheni?" 

"Aivan todella. Ja lisaksi on viela kaunis kettu- 
kin (see 163), jonka loysin tielta kuolleena. ,? 

Vaimo tuli reelle. a Voi, mita hulluttelet (fool- 
ing), mieheni? Eihan tassa ole yhtaan kalaa. Vie- 
la vahemmin tassa kettua naen. 7 ' Miesta kovasti 
havetti (was ashamed). 

^Kyllapa huomaan, vaimoni. Viekas (cunning) 
kettu on meille aika kepposen (trick) tehnyt." 



LESSON XXIX. 

ATTRIBUTE, APPOSITIVE, AND ADVERB. 

158. An attribute is a direct modifier of the 
substantive and is used as follows : 

An adjective or substantive attribute agrees in 
number and case with the word it modifies; as, 
Hyva poika tulee, The good boy is coming; 
Helsinki, Suomen paakaupunki, on Suomenlahden 
rannalla, Helsingfors, the capital of 



i Ala ole millasikaan, do not mind, etc. 



LESSON x\i\ 103 

F inla n d la 1 o c a t e d o n the G ul I o t 

V inla n d. 
NOTE, it' the substantive attribute li n<>t modified I 
innot be declined; as. Paatorl LeMeile Iflketia kirj«*cn. I 
B «■ ii t a letter to R e v e r e n <i L e ii t i. 

159. An appositive is a word used in a more 

indirect way to describe or to define a noun or 
pronoun. Its cases are: 

(a) The essive if a substantive or adjective is 
used as an appositive; as, Poikana hanet tunsin, I. 
as a boy, knew him; Nuorena poikana, n 

oli hyvin Uoinen, As a young boy, the man 
was very cheerful (when the man was a 
young boy, he was cheerful). 

(b) The nominative or partitive when a sub- 
stantive is used as an appositive w r ith some local 
case to modify verbs and substantives; as, Pojat 
seisovat kadet lanteilla rivissa, The boys, 
with their hands on their hips are 
standing in line; Mies jnoksee likaa kas- 

wa , The man, with dirt on his face, 
is running. 

!(>(). Adverbs denote manner, place, time, or 
degree. Many of them are primitive words used 
as adverbs ; as, vielli, yet; heti, or plan, soon, etc. 

161, But a great mass of adverbs are formed 
by adding the following endings: 

(a) -sti to adjectives; as, rakkaasti, dearly. 

(b) 'ten to pronouns; as, siten, so; mite it, how; 
or -////< to express direction; as, tonne, hither; 
sinne, t h i t h e r. 



104 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

(c) -tusten or -tysten to nouns to express a 
neutral relation ; as, rinnatusten, side by side; 
kcisitysten, hand in hand. 

162. The suffixes -han or -han, -pa or -pa have 
a strengthening or affirmative force; as, — 

Hanhan tuli, He did come. 
Onhan hdnelld rahaa, He has some money. 
Poikapa se oli, It was (just) a boy., 
Tyttohan on kotona, The daughter is at 
home. 

163. The particle -kin has a strengthening 
force meaning too or also; as, Hcinkin tulee, 
He is coming too. 

164. No absolute rule can be given for the 
position of adverbs. As a rule, they follow the 
verb ; as, Han laidaa kauniisti, She sings 
sweetly. 

EXERCISE XXIX. 

A. 1. Nama koyhat nuoret miehet ovat hyvia 
oppilaita. 2. Sain kirjeen runoilijalta veljeltani. 
3. Pojan laulu on kaunis. 4. Nuorena miehena 
han oli voimakas. 5. Poika nukkuu paa paljaana. 
6. Tytto astuu huoneeseen lunta jaloissa. 7. Au- 
rinko paistaa kirkkaasti ja lampimasti. 8. Puhuja 
puhui voimakkaasti ja selvasti. 9. Hankin saapuu 
tanne. 10. Pojat seisovat rinnatusten. 11. Mina 
en ole viela kirjoittanut hanelle. 12. Hanpa ei 
osannut laksyansa tanaan. 



LESSON XXX LOS 

B. 1. Mr. Wilson, the president of the United 
States, is here. 2. A young, handsome man stepped 
into the house. 3. As a boy he was cheerful. 4. 
The boy ran around with his head bared. 5. Where 
are you going? 6. I, too, want to take my meal 
with you. 7. The moon shone brightly. 8. How 
are you getting along 1 ? 9. I very seldom see you 
here. 10. Thank you, sir, I get along very well. 
11. If you wish to visit me, I shall give you my 
address. 12. He also gives his address to you. 



LESSON XXX. 

PREPOSITIONS AND POSTPOSITIONS. 

165. Prepositions and postpositions show rela- 
tion of words. Some of these are declinable and 
capable of taking the possessive suffixes. 

!(>(>. The following postpositions govern the 
genitive case: 

kanssa, with suhteen, in relation 

tdhden, for the sake to 

of, for, inconse- alia (-to, Ae) under 

q u e n c e ja Iki ( -ssa , -* / a , - 

vuoksi, for the sake behind, after 

of, for M8&, (ssa, -**a, etc. i n, 

in the interior 



i H o w a r e v o u g ett I rig al o n er? k*l»k« U r^lttef 



106 



FINNISH GRAMMAR 



167. The following 
genitive case: 

halki, 1 through 
kautta, b y 
lii-pi, 1 through 
poikki, 1 across 

168. The following 
partitive case: 

kohti, kohden, against, 
towards 

kohtaan, f o r, i n re- 
spect to 

myoten, along, ac- 
cording to 

paitsi, besides 

vastaan, against 

169. The following 
partitive case: 

ennen, before 
ilman, without 
keskelld (-ltd, -lie) i n 

the midst of 
liki, liketlla, near 
lahelld, near 



i Can be usecl as preposition 
of meaning, 



prepositions govern the 

yli, 1 over, across 
ympdri, 1 around 
kesken, in the midst 
of 

postpositions govern the 

pain, towards 
pitkin, along 
vailla, without 
varten, for, for the 

sake of 
vasten, vastoin, a- 

gainst, towards 

prepositions govern the 

paitsi, besides 
pitkin, along 
vastapddtd, opposite 
vasten, vastoin, f o r, a- 

gainst 
ympdri, around 

or postposition without change 



LESSON XXX 1<>7 

EXERCISE XXX. 

A. 1. Musta koira makaa poydan alia. 2. Tuo 
mies on matkustanut maan ympari. 3. Mene kirk- 
koon hiinen kanssaan. 4. Tule tanne minim tah- 
teni. 5. Nyt me matkustamme pohjoista kohti. 
6. Pojat purjehtivat jokea pitkin. 7. Tama koyha 
poika on rahaa vailla. 8. Pitkat miehe 

seinaa vasten. 9. Han tuli tanne ennen minua. 10. 
Talo on lahella kirkkoa. 11. Tytar meni kylaan 
vastoin aitinsa tahtoa. 12. Me juoksimme lapi laa- 
jan metsan. 

B. 1. He came before I did. 2. We have trav- 
eled through Finland. 3. The family is sitting 
around the table. 4. This little boy is without 
shoes and money. 5. We sailed up the wide and 
beautiful river. 6. I walked through the forest 
and across the field. 7. The boat is in the midst 
of high waves. 8. They stand behind us. 9. Ht 
coming for your sake. 10. The pencil is near the 
ink bottle. 11. I live across the street just oppo- 
site your house. 12. The cat and dog are under 
the table. 

karhun kalanpyynti (The Bear Catching Fish). 

Kettu, joka oli sydnyt vatsansa tayteen, istui nyt 

hyvilla 1 mielin metsan rinteessa (edge), [so K 
(pile) oli viela sen vieressa, Karhu sitten tuli ha- 



l h> villa mioliii, CO n tent 6 d, « U\ 



108 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

nen luoksensa. Hyvaa paivaa, kettu kulta 1 (dear). 
Miten olet saanut noin pal j on kaloja?" 

"Olen ne jarvesta onkinut." 

"Sepa oli hyva saalis. Etko opettaisi minuakin 
onkimaan?" 

u Kylla mielellani, kettu kulta. " 

"No, miten se kaypi 2 ?" 

u Kylla sen sanon sinulle, karhu. "Mene avan- 
nolle (avanto, a hole in the ice) jonakin talvi-ilta- 
na, kun on pal j on tahtia taivaalla. Pane sitten 
hantasi avantoon. Istu sitten siina aivan liikku- 
matta (without moving) aamuun asti. Veda sit- 
ten hantasi ylos. Silloin on kala tarttunut kiinni 
(attach) jokaiseen karvaan (hair). Silla tavalla 
mina ongin. ,? 

"Kiitoksia, kettu kultaseni. Sepa on hyva neuvo 
(advise). " 

u Pida hyvanasi, 3 karhu kultaseni. v 

Samana iltana oli kova pakkanen (cold). Tah- 
det kiiluivat taivaalla. Karhu, joka muisti ketun 
neuvon, meni jarvelle. Siella han istui heti hanti- 
neen avantoon. Vahan ajan perasta tunsi han 
ikaankuin (as if) joku olisi purrut hanen hantaan- 
sa. Siitapa han tuli oikein hyville mielin. 1 Kalat 
ne nyt purevat itsensa kiinni. Istun aivan hiljaa. 
Tastapa tulee pal j on kaloja. 

Siina istui karhu aina aamuun asti. Silla aikaa 



i kulta means lit. gold. But between, intimate friends it 
means dear. 2 No, miten se kaypi f W ell, how is it 
done? 3 Pida hyvanasi, make use of the advise. 



LESSON XXXI 109 

oli avanto mennyt paksuun jaahan. Karhun hanta 
oli jaatynyt (frozen) kiinni siihen. Karhua alkoi 
jo vasyttaa (to get tired). Pitaa minun viimein- 
kin vetaa ylos kalani. Mutta eipa Be tahtomitkaan 
onnistua. Hanta oli jaatynyt kiinni. Karhu ei 
paassyt paikaltansa liikkumaan. 

(to be continued) 



LESSON XXXI. 

CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS. 

170. Co-ordinate conjunctions 1 are: 

ja, and niin, so, accordingly 

sekd, a 1 s o minmuodoin, conse- 
sekcl — etta, both — quently 

and nimittain, namely 

eXi, taikka, tahi, or mutta, vaan, but 

jolco — tai, either — kvitenkin, howe v e r 

r paitsi, besides 
sentahden, siis, there- myos, also 

fore 

1 7 1 . Subordinate conjunctions are : 

ettii, jotta, that kun, when 

niin etta, so that kvin, t h a n 

j 08t if koska, becaus 

ennenkuin, before that ekka t p e r h a p a 

ikihankuin, as if niinkuin, as it' 



, Many of the conjunctions are merely pronouns or 
tlvea Inflected. 



110 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

172. Interjections express emotion. They are: 
joy; hei, oi 

mockery; aha, piti, kutti, etc. 
sorrow and pain ; ai, voi, oi, haa, etc. 
astonishment; oho, no, aha, kah, hoi 
disgust; hyi, ah, ui, etc. 

EXERCISE XXXI. 

A. 1. Mina luen ja sina laulat. 2. Aiti istuu 
seka kertoo kertomuksia lapsilleen. 3. Seka isa etta 
poika nauravat. 4. Mina en sita voi tehda, vaan 
ehka veljeni tekee. 5. Niin han sanoo, toiset taas 
toisin. 6. Han lupasi tulla mukaan, etta tulisi suu- 
rempi joukko. 7. Hei, pojat, nyt juostaan! 8. Nyt 
on satanut, sentahden kasvit kasvavat. 9. Ole taal- 
la, kunnes han tulee. 10. Jos tulet luokseni, niin 
olen iloinen. 11. Joko mina tahi minun veljeni tu- 
lee sinua vastaan asemalle. 12. Han kayttaytyy 
(acts) niinkuin han ei tuntisi minua. 

B. 1. I went to the office, but you did not come. 
2. As soon as you have finished your work come to 
my office. 3. Our trip to Paris will be interesting, 
if you come with us. 4. Then I shall stay in Paris 
until you come back. 5. I shall either bring your 
meal here or take you to a restaurant. 6. Which 
do you wish, to row or to paddle? 7. Both my 
friends and I will visit you. 8. I have not seen you 
for a long time, however, I remember you quite well. 

9. I was absent from school because I was sick. 

10. She came to visit me, for she is my aunt. 



LESSON XXXI 111 

11. They were not invited, consequently, they stayed 
away. 12. Perhaps he will stay here until you 
come. 

KETTU JA JANIS. 

Kerran tulivat kettu ja janis yhteen. Kettu 
noi janikselle: "Eipa sinua kukaan pelkaa!" 

< k Kuka sinua pelkaa?" vastasi janis. 

' % Kaikki minua pelkaavat", vastasi kettu. "Mi- 
nulla on pitka hanta, niin kaikki luulevat minua su- 
deksi 1 , kun matkan paasta nakevat. Sentahden mi- 
nua pelataan, mutta ei sinua pelkaa kukaan!" 

^Lyokaamme veto 2 '-, sanoi janis. ik Mina naytan, 
etta minua pelataan." 

Toinen suostui siihen, ja veto lyotiin. Sitten he 
menivat yhdessa kavelemaan, ja niin janis huomasi 
(noticed) lammaslauman 3 aidan sivulla makaamas- 
sa (sleeping). Kun janis naki taman, niin ban 
hyppasi heti lammaslaumaan. Lampaat pelastyivat 
siita ja hyppasivat minka kerkesiviit. Janis siita 
ilosta, etta han vedon voitti, alkoi nauraa, ja ban 
nauroi niin kovasti, etta hanen suu repesi ristiin. Ja 
siita paivasta alkaen onkin janiksen suu ollut ristiin 
halki. 

Sen pituinen se. 



1 luulevat minua sudeksi, take m 6 f r ;i W 1 f. 

I I.> okiiiiiinnr \v<o. let us 1 

3 laiiimaslauiiui, a 1 1 <> < k of S h C •■ 



112 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

karhun kalanpyynti (continuation). 

Kettu, joka tahan aikaan oli aamukavelyllaan 
(morning walk), huomasi karhun surkean tilan. 
Paha veijari (rogue) tuo kettu oli. Ei han karhua 
auttanutkaan. Painvastoin han juoksi kalastajan 
talolle. Siella han nousi katolle. Han huusi sielta 
savutorven (chimney) kautta sisaan. Vaimo kulta, 
mene heti # jarvelle. Siella istuu karhu hantineen 
avannossasi, josta vetta noudat (get). 

Vaimo, joka voita kirnusi (churned), vihastui 
(to get angry) kovin. Heti han, korento (pole) 
kadessaan, juoksi jarvelle. Paha karhu, miksika 
avantoani pilaat (to spoil) ? Kylla mina sinulle pa- 
rempia tapoja (manners) opetan. 

Niin loi (struck) han karhua kaikin voimin ko- 
rennolla. Karhu oli suuressa hadassa (distress). 
Aina kovemmin koetti han repia hantaansa irti. 
Viimein (finally) kavi kovin pahasti. 1 Koko hanta 
katkesi (break off) avantoon. Siita paivasta asti 
ei karhulla ole ollut hantaa. 

Kettu taas meni talon sisaan, jonka oven vaimo 
oli jattanyt (left) lukitsematta (unlocked). Siella 
han kaatoi kirnun (churn). Nain han taas sai hy- 
van aterian. Kylla hanen pahat juonensa (tricks) 
onnistuivat. Mutta sentahden kadottikin han kaik- 
ki ystavansa. Ei yksikaan enaan tuota pahaa ket- 
tua uskonut (trust). 



l kavi kovin pahasti, a bad accident occurred. 



DERIVATION OF WORDS 1 LS 

DERIVATION OF SUBSTANTIVES AND ADJECTIVES. 

17:>. The following suffixes are used to form 
substantives from verbs : 

(a) -/a, -/a, -ri, denote the doer or agent 
corresponding to -e r in English; as, laulaja, a i n g- 
e r ;tekijd, maker; tuomari, judge. 

(b) -ma, -ma, the signs of the third infinitive 
expresses an action or result of action; as, san&i 
report; elama, life. 

(c) -minen (-mis-) the sign of the fourth infini- 
tive expresses an action in an abstract sense; 
elciminen, living. 

(d) -nta, -nta, -nto, -nto, express a state arising 
from an action; as, annanta, giving; hi 
throwing; luonto, nature; perinto, inher- 
itance; tuonti, bringing. 

(e) -o, -6 and -m, y, in such words as m/u 
memory; nciko, sight; itku, w e e p i n g t kyky, 
ability. 

(f) -mits, -mys as in valmistus, preparation; 
pyhimys, saint. 

(g) -io, -id, as in hdvio loss; ar stim a- 
t i o n. 

(h) -na, -)ici y as in kapina, revolt; 
noise, quarrel. 

1 74. The following suffixes are added to nouns 
and adjectives: 



114 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

(a) -kko, -kko, -ikko, -ikko, indicate a locality; 
as, rapakko, amuddyplace; kivikko, a s t o n y 
place; petdjikko, apinewood. 

(b) -la, -Id, designate locality; as, pappila, par- 
sonage; setdld, uncle's place. 

(c) -nko, -nko, -nne, express the kind of place; 
as, alanko, a low land; yldnko, a highland; 
harjanne, a ridge. 

(d) -isto, -isto, -sto, -sto, denote a group of ob- 
jects ; as, koivisto, a birch grove; mdnnisto, 
a pine wood; laivasto, a fleet; kirjasto, a 
library. 

(e) -nen is added to the disyllabic words and 
-inen to monosyllabic words to form diminutives; 
as, kukkanen, a small flower; oravainen, a 
small squirrel. 

(f) -lainen, -lainen, denote nationality, class, or 
place where a person or object belongs; as, saoma- 
lainen, a Finn; venalainen, a Russian; maa- 
lainen, a farmer. 

(g) -tar, -tar suffixes denote feminine names; 
as, iaidajatar, a woman singer; keittajdtdr, 
a woman cook. 

(h) -us, -ys after a vowel; (-uus, -yys) after a 
consonant are added to form abstract nouns ; as, ' 
vapaus, freedom;, veljeys, brotherhood; 
pienuus, s m a 1 1 n e s s ; hyvyys, goodness. 

175. The following suffixes are used to form 
adjectives: 



RULES OF SYNTAX 1 L5 

(a) -va t -v&, the signs of the first participle; as, 
taitava, skilful; ndhtdvd, v i s ib 1 e. 

(b) -nut, -a lit, the sign of the second participle; 
as, oppinut, learned; sivistynyt, educated. 

(c) -inert is usually added to the nouns; as, 
aamninen, early; villainen, woolen. 

(d) -llinen is also added to the nouns; as, yollu 
nen, nightly; vaarallinen, dangerous 

(e) -isa, -isa, -kas, -kas, denote plentif ulness ; as, 
kuuluisa, famous; leikkisd, playful; mavk 
rich in flavor; lystikas, humorous. 

(f) -ton, -ton (vowel stem -ttoma, -ttoma) cor- 
respond to the English preposition without or 
less; as, voimaton, powerless; 
uneducated (without education) . 

(g) -mainen, -mainen denote likeness English 
-i s h ; as, poikamainen, boyish. 



RULES OF SYNTAX. 

NOMINATIVE. 

17G. See paragraphs 21, 22. 

177. The nominative is the case of direct ad- 
dress; as, Niinko ajattelette, herra? Y o u t h i n k 
so, sir? 

1 7S. The nominative absolute is put in the nom- 
inative case; as, Hiin tvli hatttt paa&sci I 
seen, Having his hat on, he came into 
the room. 



116 FINNISH GRAMMAR 



GENITIVE. 



179. Possession or ownership is denoted by 
the genitive ; as, Pojan kirja, The boy's book. 

180. Subjective genitive denotes any agent 
which makes something; as, Leivon laidu on erit- 
tdin kaunis, The song of a lark is es- 
pecially beautiful. 

181. Objective genitive expresses the object 
of an action; as, Jumalan pelko on viisauden alkii, 
The fear of God is the source of wis- 
dom. 

182. The genitive of specification limiting a 
noun by means of more definite terms; as, Hel- 
singiri kaupunki on Suomen maan . paakaupunki, 
The city of Helsingfors is the capital 
of Finland. 

183. Adjectives ending in -inen signifying age, 
measure, or quality, take the genitive; as, Lapsi 
on viikon vanha, The child is a week 
old; Kaytava on kuuclen jalan laajuinen, The 
hall is six feet in width; Poika on iscinsd 
nakoinen, The boy resembles his father. 

184. The genitive is used with some impersonal 
verbs such as pitcia, kdskee, tulee, taytyy, sopii, 
kelpaa, tarvitsee, etc., and with the auxiliary oUa, 
to be; as, Hanen taytyy mennti kouluun, He 
must go to school, etc. 



RULES OF SYNTAX 1 17 

185, The genitive is used with the infinil 
to express agent; as, Mina kqsken hanen 

I asked him to go. 

ACCUSATIVE. 

186. See paragraph 27. 

1ST. The accusative is used to answer the 
questions how many times?, how long?, what 
tance?; as, Viikon olin poissa, I was a w a y o n e 
w e e k, etc. 

1SS. The total object complement is put in the 
accusative; as, Han teki hatun liian en, He 

made the hat too large. 

ESSIVE. 

189. The essive is used to express a definite 
period of time during which something happens 
or during which a continuous action is completed : 
as, Menitko kirkkoon viime sunnuntaina? Did 
you go to church last Sunday?; Sain kir- 
jeen viime rnaanantaina, I received the let- 
ter last Monday. 

190. The essive is also used to denote the 
state, character, or quality in which the 
subject is at a given time; as, Veljeni on savelta- 
jana, My brother is a compose r. 

191. An appositive is put in the essive. 
Poikana han oU iloinen, As a boy, he w 
cheerful. 



118 FINNISH GRAMMAR 



PARTITIVE. 



192. The partitive is used with nouns that 
denote measure, weight, or number ; as, joukko mie- 
hid, a group of men; parvi lintuja, a flock 
of birds, etc. 

193. The partitive is used also in comparision 
in place of kuin, than, and the nominative of a 
noun or pronoun; as, Mind olen hdntd vanhempi 
(vanhempi kuin hdn), I am older than he. 

191. The partitive is used to denote measure; 
as, Joki on kuutta jalkaa syvd, The river is 
six feet deep. 

195. The partial subjcet (45), object (44), 
predicate noun or adjective (46) are put in the 
partitive. 

196. The partitive is also used in exclamations ; 
as, Hyvdd huomenta! Good morning! 

TRANSLATIVE. 

197. The translative is used to denote a change 
from one form to another; as, Hdn tidi vanhaksi, 
He became old; Lumi muuttui vedeksi, The 
snow was changed into water. 

198. The purpose for which anything is fitted 
or the purpose for which a thing or person can be 
used is expressed by the translative; as, Hdn kel- 
paa papiksi, He is fit for a minister. 



RULES OF SYNTAX 119 

191). The translative is used to express the 
time at which anything is to be done; as, KoJfi 
lykattiin huomiseksi, The meeting was po 
poned until t o-m o r r o w. 

200. The translative also expresses the limit 
of time ; as, Kirje tuli jouluksi, The letter 
came at Christmas time. 

201. Verbs signifying to name, consider, tell, 
call, guess, etc., may take the translative; as, Sano 
tdmd suomeksi, Tell this in Finnish; KuU 
suin hanta hyvaksi pojaksi, I called him a 
good boy, etc. 

INESSIVE. 

202. The inessive denotes existence in an object 
or the limit for a given space; as, Poika istuii h 
neessa, T h e boy is sitting in the room; 
Mies ui redessa, The man is swimming in 
the water. 

203. Local proper names are used either in the 
interior cases (inessive, elative, illative), or in the 
exterior cases (adessive, ablative, allative) in the 
following way: 

(a) Substantives ending in -la and names of 
countries (except Yenaja, Russia), are in the 
interior cases ; as, Mattilassa, in M a t t's place; 
Vi tuij cilia, in Russia. 

(b) Names of countries ending in maa are in 
the interior case when used in speaking of 
things that belong to a certain country, otherwise 



120 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

in the exterior cases; as, Saksanmaassa on kaunii- 
ta . kaupunkeja, There are beautiful ci- 
ties in Germany; but, Olin Saksanmaalla, I 
was in Germany. 

NOTE. — Suomenmaa, Finland, is always used in the 
interior cases. 

204. The inessive denotes the quality residing 
in a person or thing; as, Hanessa on yska, H eh a s 
a cold; Kirjassa on filosofiaa, There is some 
philosophy in the book. 

205. The inessive expresses the time within 
wfiich; as, En paivassa voi paljoakaan tehdd, I 
cannot do very much in a day. 

206. The place where or occupation in which 
one is engaged is expressed by the inessive; as, 
Olin kaupangissa, I was in town; Poika on 
tyossa, The boy is at work. 

207. The inessive is used to denote direct 
connection between objects or figuratively with the 
person and abstract idea which could more natu- 
rally be expressed by the adessive case; as, Poika 
on hevosen selassa, The boy is on the back 
of the horse; Hattu on naulassa, The hat is 
hung on the hook; Han elaa koyhyydessa, H e 
lives in poverty. 

ELATIVE. 

208. The elative is used to denote the origin 
of anything or the material from which anything 
is made ; as, Han on hyvdsta perheesta, H e c o m e s 



RULES OF SYNTAX 121 

from a good family; TaskukeUo on tehty 
kuttasta, The watch is made of gold 
809. The elative is used to designate the whole 

of which a part is taken usually in connection 
with the comparative, superlative, or with some 
other numeral; as, Vanhempi veljistii on piten 
The older of the brothers is taller; 
Tama ruvsu on kaunein kaikista, This rose ia 
the most beautiful of all; Kaksi puhuji 
on taalla, Two of the speakers are here. 

210. The elative also denotes motion from an 
interior to a certain direction when the starting 
point is not mentioned; as, Menin ovesta ulos, I 
went out through the door. 

211. The whole of which a part is under con- 
sideration is expressed by the elative; as, Poika 
leikkasi kappaleen leivastci, The boy cut a 
slice of bread. 

212. The material in which one is rich or poor 
is denoted by the elative; as, Han on rikas rahas 
He is rich in money; Jdrvi on koyha kala 
The fish are scarce in the lake. 

21.'}. The selling price is expressed by the 
elative; as, Myin kirjani dollarista, I sold my 
book for one dollar. 

214. The elative denotes the time during which 
something takes place; as, Alku vuodesta hdn ti> 
In the beginning of the year he will 
come. 



122 FINNISH GRAMMAR 



ILLATIVE. 



215. The illative denotes motion into the in- 
terior of an object; as, Menen kirkkoon, I am 
going into the church. 

216. The illative is used to express purpose or 
the thing for which anything serves or is unfit; 
as, Han kelpaa virkaan, He is fitted for an 
office; Tdmd ladke on hyvd titohon tautiin, 
This medicine is good for that sick- 
ness. 

217. The illative is used to denote the cause 
of an action ; as, Mies knoli nalkaan, The man 
died of starvation; Sotilas sortui sotaan, 
The soldier perished in war. 

218. The illative designates price or the limit 
which a number reaches ; as, Nisun hinta nousi clol- 
lariin, The price of wheat went up to 
one dollar; Miesten lukn nousi kahteen sataan, 
The number of men increased to two 
hundred. 

219. The illative, with the verbs olla, tulia, 
v errata, vaihtaa, etc., expresses likeness; as, Lapsi 
on isddnsd, The child is like his father. 

220. The illative expresses the space of time 
during which anything has not occurred; as, En 
ole ndhnyt simia pitkddn aikaan, I have not 
seen you for a long time. 

221. The illative also denotes the period of 
time at which an action takes place; as, siihen 



RULES OF SI MAX 123 

aikaan, at that 1 i m e; joulun aikaan t 

Christmas time. 

'I'i'i. The illative denotes the manner n, 
cordance with which anything is done; as, Ken 
sinulle omaan tapaani, I tell you a c c o c d i n g 
to my way. 

ADESSIVE. 

2'i:>. The adessive expresses the place on 
which; as, Kirja on poydalla, The book 

on the table. 

224. The adessive designates nearness, and is 
also used with the third person of the auxiliary 
olla (see 82); as, Istun veljeni rinndlla, I am 
sitting close to my brother; Mi nulla 
kirja, I have a book. 

225. The adessive denotes an indefinite period 
of time during which something occurs; as, / 
valid teen tyota, yulla leptian, I work in the 
day time, and rest at night. 

226. The adessive is also used to expn 
means or the instrument by which an action is 
accomplished; as, Ndin sen omUla MnUUiini, I 
saw it with my eyes; HakkoA 

la, I chopped the tree with an a 

227. The adessive denotes manner or way; 
Minun tdytyy suruUa ilmoittaa, I m ust in fo r m 

w i t h so r r o w, 



124 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

228. The price of buying is expressed by the 
adessive; as, Ostin sen viidelld dollarilla, I 
bought it for five dollars. 

229. The adessive expresses occupation with 
the verb olla, t o b e, in which some one is engaged ; 
as, olla aamiaisella, to be at breakfast. 

230. The adessive is also used to signify age 
with an ordinal number used as an attribute; as, 
Lapsi on toisella vuodella, The child is in 
its second year. 

231. The adessive also denotes external or in- 
ternal condition or state of an object; as, Lintu 
on korkealla ilmassa, The bird is high in 
the air; Poika on hy valla paalla, The boy is 
ingoodhumor. 

ABLATIVE. 

232. The ablative is used to express motion 
from the exterior; as, Ota kirja poydaltci, Take 
the book from the table; Sain kirjeen ha- 
nelta, I received a letter from him. 

233. The ablative denotes the person who loses 
something, or who is affected by anything; as, 
Hanelta kuoli isa, His father died (lit. father 
died from him) ; Sen mind sinulta kiellan, I deny 
that (from you). 

234. The qualities or possession of a person 
are expressed by the ablative ; as, Han on hyvct ta- 
voiltansa, He has no bad habits; Poika ^ on 



RULES OF SYNTAX L26 

Julio nimelta, The boy is John by nai 

(The boy's name is John). 

'i:;.">. The ablative expi 
by an object on the senses; as, Kola ma 
valta, The fish tastes good; Talo 
kauniilta, The house looks beautiful. 

'i:>(>. The condition in which an object is when 
it becomes under the influence of tl 
pressed by the ablative; as, Kissa nieli him 
valta, The cat swallowed the mou 
alive. 

^.'J*. The ablative denotes time in various 
ways; as, Kello viidelta nousin ylos, I got up at 
five o'clock; Pciivcl pdivSlta ilma tula Urn 
mdmmaksi, Day by day the weather 
getting warmer. 

fc i:>S. The ablative also expi ntive 

cause; as, En voinut nukkua laulidtasi, 1 could 
not sleep on account of your s i n g- 
i ng. 

ALLATIVE. 

*£lli). The allative denotes motion to or into an 
object; as, Anna kirja minulle, Give me the 

book. 

240. Impressions made by an object on the 
senses are also expressed by the allative; 
na maistuu makeaMe, T h e a p pie t a 

s w e e t . 



126 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

241. The quality which is possessed by some 
one is denoted by the allative; as, Tytto on hyva 
tavoillensa, The girl has good manners 
(the girl is good in her manners) . 

242. The allative denotes manner; as, He kid- 
kevat hiljalleen, They are traveling 
s 1 o w 1 y. 

COMITATIVE. 

243. The comitative denotes the person or ob- 
ject with which an action takes place. It is always 
used in the plural ; as, Han tuli vairnoinensa, H e 
came with his wife; Mies on mennyt velji- 
nensa, The man has gone with his 
brother. 

INSTRUCTIVE. 

244. The instructive denotes manner or instru- 
ment with which an action is performed ; as, Lapset 
jnoksevat pihalla paljain jaloin, The children 
are running in the yard with bare 
feet; Nam sen omin silmin, I saw it with 
myowneyes. 

245. The instructive expresses manner in 
which something is performed with adjectives in 
the comparative or superlative plural adverbially 
to modify verbs ; as, Han otti kirjan varkain, H e 
took the book by stealth; Han pahuu 
kovimmin kaikista, He speaks the loudest 
of all. 



RUU PAS 

'in!. The instructive is used to answer the 

questions in what quantity?; as, / 
mailittain, matin vdhin < r could 

walk miles at once, b u 1 little 
little; He kuolivat molemmin, They both 

died. 

vl). Indefinite and unlimited periods of ti 
in place of the adessive plural, is exp 
instructive ; as, aamuin, in the momi n g 
illoin, in the evenings; in the 

nights. 

ABESSIVE. 

248. The abessive denotes the lack or 

of anything, or in the negative sense, manr 
means, and cause; as, Olen rahatta, I have no 
money (lit. I am without money) ; Rahatta 
tale toimeen, I cannot get along without 
money; Et eld tyota tekematta, You cann 
live without working; Etk< 
nauramatta ? Can y o u not talk with o u t 
laughing? 

The preposition Uman, w i thout, often pre- 
cedes the abessive for emphasis; as, Uman rahatta, 
without money, etc. 

249. The preposition Uman, w i tho u1 

with the partitive expresses the B 

Han on Uman rahaa, He has no money or 

he is without any m one y . 



128 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

USE OF TENSES. 

INDICATIVE. 

250. The present is used to indicate: 

(a) An action that is going on at the present 
time. It can be translated in the following ways: 
Mind sanon, I say, I am saying, or I do 
say. 

(b) Future action; as, Mind Idulan huomenna, 
I shall sing t o-m o r r o w. 

251. The imperfect is used to denote: 

(a) An action which is going on in the past 
time; as, Tytto lakasi lattiaa, knn astnin hnonee- 
seen, The girl was sweeping the floor, 
when I entered the room. 

(b) An action definitely completed in the past 
time ; as, Tdnddn sain kirjeen, T o-d ay I re- 
ceived a letter. 

252. The perfect is equivalent to the Eng- 
lish Present Perfect; as, Olen saanut 
kirjeen, I have received a letter. 

POTENTIAL. 

253. The potential expresses a possibility. The 
present may refer to the present and future time; 
as, Han laulanee, He may sing; Han laulanee 
huomenna, He may sing t o-m orrow, 

254. The perfect denotes completed action in 
the present and past ; as, Han lienee laulanut, H e 
might have sung. 



i:i i : 



CONDITIO 



'1.1.1. The pi nditional i 

present and future time, w hile I he • 
to completed action in the pre 
as, Han U kisi tyotc t, II i would 

w o r k, i r y o u a s b e d h i ra ; 

nut valmiiksi, jos olisit ollut dhk< J 

would have c o m p 1 e t e d y our v 
y o U h ad been more d i 1 i g e l 
niinkuin n oillutkaan, II - 

tho I had not been there. 

*i.">(>. The conditional mood in the Lndep 
clause indicates: 

(a) Resuh 
valehteleisi, It" he should say 
W o u 1 d tell a 1 i • 

(l)) Wish in exclamations or doubt in exclama- 
tory questions ; as, Jospa >' h e 
would come! Minm me\ Whe 
should I go! 

(c) Information, request, or question in polite 
form; as, Nyt olisi pdivdUi he 

d inner i s r e a d y, p 1 i 

, Will you g i \ e m e t I 
please? 

257, Furthermore the conditional mood is 
used : 

(a) In conditional clauses when the conditio 

doubtful ; as, Jos minulla 



130 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

nlkomaalle, I f I had the money I should 
go abroad. 

(b) In concessive clauses; as, Vaikka hdn kdski- 
sikin minua, en sittenkddn lahtisi, Even if he 
asked me yet I would not go. 

(c) In conditional clauses of comparision; as, 
Hdn puhuu ikddnkuin hdn tietdisi, He speaks 
as if he knew. 

(.d) In final clauses to express the purpose of an 
action ; as, Aiti laulaa, ettd lapsi nukkuisi, The 
mother sings that the child may 
sleep. 

(e) In relative clauses when the relative involves 
some idea of purpose or quality, etc.; as, Minulla 
ei ole ketddn, johon luottaisin, I have no one 
whom I could trust; Mies, joka sanoisi td- 
mdn, valehtdeisi,' The man who would say 
thus would tell a lie. 

(f) In temporal clause with knnnes or jahka, 
until; ennenkuin, before, to denote expected 
action. The principal verb is then in the past 
time; as, Me koetimme hdntd viivyttdd tddlld knn- 
nes isd tulisi, We tried to keep him here 
until father came; Emme tahtoneet syodd 
ennenkuin hdn saapuisi, We did not want to 
eat before he came. 

(g) In objective clauses with verbs asking, re- 
questing especially when they are in the past time ; 
as , Ystdvdni pyysi, ettd muistasin hdntd, M y 



RU1 PAX l:;l 

f r i e n (I r e q u d thai I h o u I d 

m e m b e r h i m. 

(h) In indirect disc 
ettii him lahtisi kirkkoon, T h e fa t h e r to] d 
John that he sh o uld go h. 

IMPERATIVE* 

'i.">8. The imperative is used in commands and 
requests. Thus, Anna kirja handle, Give him 
the book; Elakdi i Long livg Fin- 

land! 

259. In concessive sense the perfect imperative 
is rarely used; as, Olkoo t, Let him 
have said. 

260. The passive is impersonal 

tacui, one writes or it is written, ei 
Kirja on luettu, The book is r e a d; M 
on sanottu, I am tol d; Minna rdkas . I am 

loved, etc. (See Lesson XX). 

USE OF INFINITIVE 

261. The infinitive is a verbal noun capafa 
of inflection and of taking the possessive Buffixt 
It can also take the object of an action. The fourth 
infinitive is equivalent to an English participial 
infinitive ending in -i n g; as, sanamim 
kuoleminen, d y i n g, etc. 



132 FINNISH GRAMMAR 



FIRST INFINITIVE. 

262. The first infinitive has two forms: 

(a) The shorter form which is used without the 
possessive suffixes; as, sanoa, to say; lanlaa, to 
sing, etc. 

(b) The longer form is always used with the 
possessive suffixes and expresses the purpose of 
the action of the main verb ; as, Tuo leipaa syddak- 
seni, Bring me some bread to eat (lit. 
bring me some bread for my eating). 

In English this action can be expressed by, i n 
order to, in order that, or by a simple 
infinitive. 

263. The shorter form is used: 

(a) To express the object of an action; as, 
Onko teilla hevosta mycdd? Have you a horse 
to sell? 

(b) As a predicate noun" in connection with an 
adjective. The agent is denoted by the genitive; 
as, Lakia on melkein mahdoton ihmisen tayttaa, 
It is almost impossible -for man to 
live up to the letter of the law; Kirja 
on hyvd lukea, The book is good to read. 

(c) As an attribute of substantives denoting 
opportunity, righteousness, permission, duty, com- 
mand, etc. ; as, Minulla on tilaisuus my odd taloni, 
I have a chance to sell my house; Mi- 
nulla on oikeus ajaa mies ulos, I have a right 



RULES OF SYNTAX 133 

to drive the man out; H&nell 

sya, He has permission to ask. 

(d) As the subject of impersonal verb 
tdytyy, tarvitsee, tvlee, sopii, kelpaa, kdskee, e1 
as, Hdnen tdytyy menna, He must go; \h 
pitcict tehdci, We must do, etc. 

(e) As an object to define such verbs as v 
jaksan, saatan, osaan, taidan, hapeen, A* 
aion, etc. ; as, Han ei osaa tehdci mitadn, He does 
not know how to do anything; M 
voin sen tehdd, I can do it, etc. 

SECOND INFINITIVE. 

264. The second infinitive is used: 
(a) In the inessive to denote an action which 
takes place at the same time with the principal 
verb. The subject of the active form is e\j 
by the subjective genitive (180) or by the pos- 
sessive suffixes. When the agent is not expres- 
the passive is used; as, Kevaan tulles* 
laavat Suomeen, When spring comes the 
birds return to Finland (lit. on the 
coming of spring the birds return to Finland 
Kylcici lahetessdru, When I was approach- 
ing the village; Kotiini palate 
ketaan, When returning home no one 
was heard; Palatessa viivyttiin viikko, It 
took one week to return. 

The inessive of the second infinitive is used in 



134 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

place of a temporal clause which is indicated in 
English by when or as. 

(b) In the instructive and to express manner in 
which the action of the principal verb is per- 
formed ; as, Poika tuli itkien kotiin, The boy 
came home crying; Tytto juoksi minun 
ohitse nauraen, The girl ran by me laugh- 
ing. 

THIRD INFINITIVE. 

265. The third infinitive is used: 

(a) In the inessive to denote action in which 
any one is engaged ; as, Han on luistelemassa, H e 
is skating; Sina olit poikaa opettamassa, You 
were teaching the boy. 

(b) In the elative to designate an action from 
which any one ceases, or from which any one is 
hindered or forbidden ; as, Tttlen nimasta, I came 
from swimming; Paha ilma esti minut tide- 
masta, Bad weather prevented me 
from coming; Kielsin lapsia jnoksemasta, I 
forbade the children to run. 

*(c) In the illative to express an action which 
is to be performed by some one, or action for the 
performance of which some one is fit or unfit, or 
for which some one is encouraged. This case in 
its use closely corresponds to the English infini- 
tive; as, Mind menen puita noutamaan, I am 
going to get some wood; Poika on hyva 
lakemaan, The boy is good in reading; 



RUM VNTAX 

Han ei kyki ne tdtii U k( /nan,/, He is unable 
do this; Ystdvani kehoitti minua la 
friend encouraged me to sit 

(d) In the adessive to expre 

which an action is performed, and with th 
olla, to b e, to denote an action which i 
take place. In the latter case the p 
fixes are used with the infinitive; a 
oppii, One learns by reading; Ole\ 
kumaisiUani, lam about to sleep. 

(e) In the abessive to denote action without 
which the action of the principal verb occurs. 
person is expressed by the subjective genit 
(180) and the possessive suffix; as, Astvin I 

seen sinun huomaamattasi, I stepped in 
the room without your noticin 
Se tiedetaan .sanomattasikin, It is known 
without your saying it. 

NOTE. — Transitive verba of the abessh 
infinitive have often the pat 

Kirja on lukeiiint ta. The book is QOt P< d 

book is without reading 

(f) In the instructive with the verb pit&a in 
place of the shorter form of the first infiniti 
as, Meidiin pitdd auttaman \ 

help our friends; Tyo pitati tehtamtin, The 
w o r k in ust be d o n e. 



136 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

FOURTH INFINITIVE. 

266. The fourth infinitive is used: 

(a) In the nominative with impersonal verbs to 
express an action which must be performed by 
some one, or which is fit to be done by some one; 
as, Minun on se tekeminen, I must do it; Kay- 
ko niin sanominen? Is it proper to say so? 

(b) In the partitive with the suffixes to express 
a .continuous action. It is used in negative sent- 
ences implying doubt; as, Ehka sinne ei ole mene- 
mista, It probably does not pay to go 
there; Tunsin, kuinka lahenemistdni lahenin 
tuota paikkaa, I felt that I came nearer 
and nearer that place. 

USE OF PARTICIPLES. 

267. Participles are verbal adjectives. The 
first participle denotes a continuous action, the 
second participle completed action. 

268. Participles are used adjectively: 

(a) As an attribute when it agrees in case and 
number with the word it modifies. The first pas- 
sive participle expresses necessity or desirability; 
as, puhuttu kieli, the spoken language; 
laulava lapsi, the singing child; laulavan 
lapsen, of the singing child. 

(b) To form compound tenses with the verb 
olla. When the passive participle is used with this 
verb it expresses desirability or necessity; as, Si- 



RULES OF SYNTAX 

nun on You must g 

means of a boat; Olin tehn ! had 

done my work. 

(c) As predicate adjective. Mind <>t< n jfc 

I am invited; Sadut The 

fairy tales are instructive. 

(d) In the essive case the first participle with 
the verb ollci and the possessive suffix exp 
something pretended or supposed by the subj< 

Hcin liculee olevansa j, He pretends to 

be wise; Luulin tietavdni, mutta en 

I thought I knew but I did not. 

(e) In the essive the first passive participle de- 
notes an action under whose influence some one 
as, Hcin on setcinsci I: Havana, He is to be 
educated by his uncle; I 

ajeltavana, T he ship is being tossed by 
the waves. 

(f) In the translative the second acti\- 
ciple w T ith the verb tuUa, to come, denotes i: 
dental action, and with the verb saada t to re- 
ceive, completed action; as, Han tuU t 

taman asian, He happened to say this; 
Tuskin hcin sai sen 80 >i, He could 

scarcely say it. 

(g) As an appositive; as, Pal 

miehena, tiedan sen, Being a much experi- 
enced man I know it. 

fc i(>9. Participles are used substantively: 

(a) In the plural interior i (seldom in the 



138 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

exterior) to express state or condition of an object; 
as, Han on nakyvissa, He is in sight; Mind 
en ollut saapuvilla, I was not present. 

(b) In the partitive when the second passive 
participle denotes an action antecedent to the 
action of the principal verb. The subjcet of this 
temporal construction is expressed by the genitive 
and the possessive suffixes. Thus, Sydtyd lahde- 
tcian kavelemaan, After eating one goes 
for a walk; Han tuli iloiseksi heti hanen pois- 
tuttuansa, He became cheerful immedi- 
ately after he had gone. 

270.' The participles are used with the verbs 
feeling, observing, hoping, believing, guessing, 
saying, thinking, knowing, etc., in place of the ob- 
jective clause which begins with etta, that. In 
this participial construction the predicate must be 
in the accusative singular ending in -n; as, Ndin 
pojan tulevan (i. e., Nain, etta poika ttdee) ; I s a w 
the boy coming (I saw that the boy 
is coming). 

271. The subject of the participial construction 
is put in the genitive if it is total (21) ; as, En nah- 
nyt vieraiden tulevan, I did not see the vis- 
itors coming; in the partitive if the subject 
is partial (45) ; as, Vihollinen ajatteli sotamiehia 
olevan linnassa (Vihollinen ajatteli, etta sotamiehia 
oli linnassa) , T h e enemy thought the sold- 
iers to be in the fortification (The 
enemy thought that there were some 






ION 

s o 1 (I i e r s in 1 h e I or ti f i ca1 ioi 

subject is expressed bj the possess if 

the principal verb and the participial co 

have the same subje 

//a oiki in Han luuli, < ttti hiin U 

He thought to have done right in 

that) He thought thai h e d i d r 

in that). 

The passive participial construction is wit- 
subject and is impersonal; as, Niifl 
sanottavanj One often hears that th( 
say so. 

TABLES OF DECLENSION 

S872, Declension of the noun, hi 
All nouns or adjectives ending in -//< n, arc d< 
according to this table. 

SINGULAR. PLURAL. 

Nom. hevonen hc\ 

Ace I hevonen hex 3 

> In 

I lu-\ 

Gen - hev0S€ [hevos|ten 

Ess. hevose na hevost na 

Part. hevos hf. 

Trans. hevose ksi hevost ksi 

In. hev( lu'\ 

El. hevose sta 



140 



FINNISH GRAMMAR 



11. 


hevose|e?i 


hevosijm 


Ad. 


hevose|Ma 


hevosijila 


Abl. 


hevose|Wa 


hevosijlta 


All. 


hevose\lle 


hevosz|lle 


Abes. 


hevose\tta 


hevosi|tta 


Com. 


hevosi|ne|nsa 


hevosi|ne|nsa 


Instr. 


hevosi\n 


hevosijn 



NOTE. — n between two vowels is changed to s. 

273. Declension of disyllabic nouns ending in i 
in the nominative singular, e. g., kasi, hand; tuli, 
fire. 

NOTE. — The stem of these nouns ends in e. 





SINGULAR. 




Nom. 


kasi 


tuli 


Ace. 


j kasi 
( kade|?t 


j tuli 
( tule|n 


Gen. 


kade|w 


tulejw 


Ess. 


kate|ra£ 


tule|wa 


Part. 


- kat|£<z 


tul|te 


Trans. 


kade\ksi 


tule|A;si 


In. 


kade|ss<z 


tule|ssa 


El. 


kadejsia 


tu\e\sta 


11. 


katejew 


tu\e\en 


Ad. 


k&de\Ua 


tuleJKa 


Abl. 


kade\lta 


tule \lta 


All. 


kade\lle 


tu\e\lle 


Abes. 


kMe\tta 


tule\tta 


Com. 


kasi|we|nsa 


tuli|we|nsa 


Instr. 


kadelw 


tulilw 



TABLES OF I 



1 II 





PLURAL. 




Norn. 


kade / 


till- 


Ace. 


kade / 


tul 


Gen. 


\ kasi i 


j tul/ i 




/ kiit t( 


i tul U 


Ess. 


kas/ mi 


tul/ na 


Part. 


kasi a 


tul/ a 


Trans. 


kas/|ksi 


tul/ ksi 


In. 


kas/jssa 


tull ssa 


El. 


kas/ sta 


tul/ sta 


11. 


kas/ in 


tul 


Ad. 


kas/ 11a 


tul/ 11a 


Abl. 


kas/ lta 


tul/ lie 


All. 


kas/; lie 


tul/ lta 


Abes. 


kasrtta 


tul/ tta 


Com. 


kas/ ne nsa 


tul/ ne 


Instr. 


kas/ n 


ml/ n 



274. Declension of the contracted or weakened 
adjective rikas, rich; noun mies, man. 

NOTE. — Nouns or adjectives ending In * in the nominal 

singular are contracted or weakened, that Is to Bay, In 

words a proper euphonic change of consonai Us 

has occurred. 



Nom. 
Ace. 

Gen. 

Ess. 



SINGULAR. 
rikas mies 

\ rikas mi< 

i rikkaa n mieh 
rikkaa n mieh< 
rikkaa na miehe 



142 



FINNISH GRAMMAR 



Part. 

Trans. 

In. 

El. 

II. 

Ad. 

Abl. 

All. 

Abes. 

Com. 

Instr. 



rikas|£a mies|£a 
rikkaa|A;s{ miehe\ksi 
rikkaa|ssa miehe|ssa 
rikkaa|sta miehe\sta 
rikkaalseen miehe|eft 
rikkaa|/to miehejHa 
rikkaa|Z£a miehe|Z£a 
rikkaa|We miehe\lle 
rikkaa|£ta miehejtax 
rikka|i|we mieh|i|w£Jnsa 
rikkalilw miehliln 



PLURAL. 

Nom. rikkaa|£ miehe|£ 

Ace. rikkaa|£ miehe|£ 
^ rikas\ten mies\ten 
I rikkai|dew miehi\en 

Ess. rikkai|na mieln|na 

Part. rikkaz|ta miehz|a 

Trans. rikkai|ksi miehijksi 

In. rikkai|ssa miehi|ssa 

El. rikkai|sta miehi|sta 

II. rikkailsiin mieh|m 

Ad. rikkai|lla miehi|lla 

Abl. rikkai|lta miehi|lta 

All. rikkai|lle miehzjlle 

Abes. rikkazjtta mietnjtta 

Com. rikkaz|ne miehijnejnsa 

Instr. rikkailn miehzin 



TAIJLES OF DE< I 



11:; 



-<"). Declension of the first pa 
laulava, singing. 





SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 


Nom. 


laulava 


laula\ ■; 


Ace. 


I laulava 
/ laulava|n 


laulavi 


Gen. 


laulava n 


1 laulava 

/ laulavi i 


Ess. 


laulava na 


laulavi na 


Part. 


laulava a 


laulav 


Trans. 


laulava \ksi 


laulavi ksi 


In. 


laulava 


laulavi 


El. 


laulava sta 


laul; 


11. 


laulava an 


laulavi in 


Ad. 


laulava llu 


laulavi 11a 


Abl. 


laulava Ita 


laulavi Ita 


All. 


laulava lie 


laulavi lie 


Abes. 


laulava tta 


laulavi tta 


Com. 


laulavi 


laulavi ne 


Instr. 


laulavi |n 


laulavi n 


27(3. Declension of the second participle 


ulanitt, sung. 






SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 


Nom. 


laulanut 


laulan* 


Ace. 


\ laulanut 
/ laulanee 


laulane 


Gen. 


laulane 


j laular. 

, laulanei tU n 


Ess, 


laulanee n 


laulaneilna 



144 



FINNISH GRAMMAR 



Part. 

Trans. 

In. 

El. 

II. 

Ad. 

Abl. 

All. 

Abes. 

Com. 

Instr. 



laulanut|ia 

laulanee|fcsi 

laulanee|ssa 

laulanee|s£a 

\au\anee\seen 

laulanee|Ha 

laulanee|Wa 

laulanee|We 

laulanee|££a 

laulaneilwe 1 

laulaneil^ 1 



laulanei|ta 

laulanei|ksi 

laulanei|ssa 

laulaneijsta 

laulanei|sim 

laulanei|lla 

laulaneijlta 

laulanei|lle 

laulaneijtta 

laulaneijne 1 

laulaneiln 1 



277. Declension of pieni poika, a small boy. 



Nom. 
Ace. 

Gen. 

Ess. 

Part. 

Trans. 

In. 

El. 

II. 

Ad. 

Abl. 

All. 



SINGULAR, 
pieni poika 
( pieni poika 
j piene|w poja|% 

piene|w poja|n 

piene|wa poika \na 
pien|£<x poika | a 
piene|&si poja|A;si 
piene|ssa pojajssa 
piene|sia poja|sia 
pienejew poika \an 
piene|Mx poja|ZZa 
piene|tt<z pojajiia 
piene|We pojaj^e 



PLURAL. 

pieneji pojaji 

piene|i pojaji 

{ vien\ten poika jm 
( pieni ] en poiki|ew 
pieni | na poiki|na 
pieni | a poiki|a 
pieni |ksi poji|ksi 
pieni |ssa poji|ssa 
pieni jsta poji|sta 
pieni ] in poikijm 
pieni 1 11a pojijlla 
pieni jlta poji|lta 
pieni | lie pojijlle 



i Very seldom used. 



TABLES OF I 






piene th'i poja tta 

pientjne poikt m i ent ae p 



Abes. 
Com. 
Instr. pien/ n poji pieni n 

\J7S. Declension of the comparative 

smaller. 

Nom. 
Ace. 



SINGULAR, 
pienempi 
\ pienemi)i 
/ pienemma n 

Gen. pienemma n 

Ess. pienempii 

Part. pienempa'rV 

Trans. pienemma ksi 

In. pienemma ssa 

El. pienemma \stti 

II. pienempii an 

Ad. pienemma 7M 

Abl. pienemma ltd 

All. pienemma lie 

Abes. pienemma tta 

Com. pienempi 

fc iT9. Declension of the 



smallest. 

Nom. 
Ace. 



SINGULAR. 

pienin 
\ pienin 
J pienimmfi n 



VIA RAL, 

pienemma f 

pienemmi 

\ pienempa 

/ pienen 
pienempi mi 
pienempi a 
pienemmi ksi 
pienemmi 
pienemmt 
pienempi in 
pienemmi US 
pienemmi Itfi 
pienemmi lie 
pienemmi tta 
pit 

superlative, 
PLURAL. 

pienimmS t 

pienimma t 



146 



FINNISH GRAMMAR 



Gen. pienimma|w 

Ess. pienimpa|na 

Part ' jP ienin l^ 

|pienimpa|<x 

Trans. pienimma | ksi 

In. pienimma | ssd 

El. pienimma | std 

II. pienimpa|em 

Ad. pienimma | Ha 

Abl. pienimma | ltd 

All. pienimma | lie 

Abes. pienimma | ttd 

Com. pienimpi|ne 



pienimpa|iw 
pienimpi|ew 
[pienin|£e?i 
pienimpi|na 

pienimpi|a 

pienimmf|ksi 

pienimim|ssa 

pienimmi|sta 

pienimpi|m 

pienimmi|lla 

pienimmi|lta 

pienimmi|lle 

pienimnnjtta 

pienimpijne 



280. Declension of the personal pronouns mind, 
I ; . sind, thou; hdn, he, she; me, we; te, y o u ; 
he, the y. 





SINGULAR. 




Nom. 


mind 


sind 


hdn 


Aec. 


j minu|w 


\ sinu|w 


\ hane\n 


| minu|i 


| sinu|i 


( hane|i 


Gen. 


minujw 


sinu|?i 


hane|w 


Ess. 


minu|wa 


sinu|wa 


hane\nd 


Part. 


minu|a 


sinuja 


han|£a 


Trans. 


minu\ksi 


sinuj&si 


hane\ksi 


In. 


minujssa 


sinu|ssa 


hane|ss<z 


El. 


mmu\sta 


sinu|s£a 


hanejsia 



TABLES OF m:< >N 1 17 



11. 


minu utl 


nil //// 


ham 


Ad. 


minu lift 


mi Ua 


banc Ua 


Abl. 


minu lta 


sinu lta 


ban 


All. 


minu lh 


k sinu lh 


him 


Abes. . 


minu tta 


sinu tta 


hane tti 




PLURAL. 




Nom. 




te 


In 


Ace. 


nit i (Hit 


ft i (/(it 


'hit 


Gen. 


mei dan 


tei dan 


hei dan 


Ess. 


mei mi 


tei mi 


hei nii 


Part. 


mei|ta 


tei ta 


hei 


Trans. 


mei ksi 


tei ksi 


hei ksi 


In. 


mei ssa 


tei E 


hei 


El. 


mei sta 


tei sta 


hei 


11. 


mei\hin 


tei Kin 


hei 


Ad. 


mei 11a 


tei 11a 


hei llii 


Abl. 


mei lta 


tei lta 


hei lta 


All. 


mei lie 


tei lie 


hei lie 



Abes. mei|tta tei tta hei ttii 

281. Declension of the first person singular of 
the possessive suffix -ni, my. 

SINGULAR. 

Nom. kirjajnt, my book 

Ace. kirja nt, my book 

Gen. kirja u/\ of my 1" 

Ess. kirjana rw, as my book 

Part. kirjaa ni, (some of) my bo 

Trans. kirjaksejm, (Tor) my h 



f 



148 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

In. kirjassa|m, in my book 

El. kirjasta|m, from my book 

II. kirjaa]m, into my book 

Ad. kirjalla|?u, on my book 

Abl. kirjalta|m, from my book 

All. kirjalle|m, to my book 

Abes. kirjatta|m, without my book 

Com. kirjoine|m, with my book 

PLURAL. 

Nom. kirja|m, my books 

Ace. kirja|m, my books 

Gen. kirjai|m, of my books 

Ess. kirjoina|m, as my books 

Part. kirjoja|m, (some of) my books 

Trans. kirjoikse]m, (for) my books 

In. kirjoissa|m, in my books 

El. kirjoista|m, from my books 

II. kirjoihi|m, into my books 

Ad. kirjoilla|m, on my books 

Abl. ' kirjoilta|m, from my books 

All. kirjoille[m, to my books 

Abes. kirj oitta | ni, without my books 

Com. kirjoine|?ii, with my books 

282. Declension of the second person singular 
of the possessive suffix -si, thy. 



TABLES OF I SION 






SINGULAR. 

Nom. kirja '.sv, thy book 

Ace. kirja si, thy book 

Gen. kirja si, thy book 

Ess. kirjana si, as thy book 

Part. kirjaa [si, (some of) thy book 

Trans. kirjaksc .\ (for) thy book 

In. kirjassa si, in thy book 

El. kirjasta [si, from thy book 

U. kirjaa [ si, into thy book 

Ad. kirjalla|si, on thy book 

Abl. kirjalta [si, from thy book 

All. kirjalle [si, to thy book 

Abes. kirjatta [si, without thy book 

Com. kirjoine's/, with thy book 



PLURAL. 

Nom. kirja [si, thy books 

Ace. kirja | st, thy books 

Gen. kirjai 'si, of thy books 

Ess. kirjoina|si, as thy books 

Part. kirjoja [si, (some of) thy books 

Trans. kirjoikse si, (for) thy books 

In. kirjois in thy books 

El. kirjoista si, from thy books 

II. kirjoihi si, into thy bo< 

Ad. kirjoilla .sv\ on thy hooks 

Abl. kirjoilta si, from thy b< 



150 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

All. kirjoille|si, to thy books 

Abes. kirjoitta|sz, without thy books 

Com. kirjoine]si, with thy books 

283. Declension of the third person singular 
and plural of the possessive suffix -nsa. Thus, kir- 
jansa, may mean, his, her, or their book. 

SINGULAR. 

Nom. kirja|wsa, his book 

Ace. kirja|?isa, his book 

Gen. kirja|wsa, of his book 

Ess. kirjana|wsa, as his book 

Part. kirjaa|wsa, (some of) his book 

Trans. kirjakse|wsa, for his book 

In. kirjassa|wsa, in his book 

El. kirjasta|wsa, from his book 

II. kirjaa|wsa, into his book 

Ad. kirjalla|wsa, on his book 

Abl. kirjalta|wsa, from his book 

All. kirjalle|wsa, to his book 

Abes. kirjatta|wsa, without his book 

Com. kirjoine|wsa, with his book 

PLURAL. 

Nom. kirja]wsa, his books 

Ace. kirja|wsa, his books 

Gen. kirjai|wsa, of his books 

Ess. kirjoina]wsa, as his books 

Part. kirjoja|wsa, (some of) his books 






TABLES OF I 



151 



X< >TK. 



oikse nsa, for hit 

ra, in his books 

aista nsa, from hi 

oihi nsa, into his books 

oilla rwa, on hifl l> 

oilta rwa, from hifl 

oille rwa, to his booh 

oitta nsa, without hifl 

oine nsa, with hifl bO( 
-n.su is declined in th< »bm 



Trans. 


kir. 


In. 


k i r. 


El. 


kir. 


11. 


kir. 


Ad. 


kir. 


Abl. 


kir. 


All. 


kir. 


Abes. 


kir. 


Com. 


kir. 



1884. Declension of the first person plural of the 
possessive suffix -none, our. The second i 
plural is declined in the same manner a 
person -mmc. 

SINGULAR. 

a /////>< , our book 
a mme, our book 
a mme, of our book 
ana »k 

a.2i\mme, (some of) our t> 
akst' for our book 

assa in our book 

asta mrm . from our book 
iaa mrm , into our book 
alia /////" . on our book 
alta mm* , from our book 
alle to our book 

atta in a" . without our !»• 

oine mm< . with our bo 



Nom. 


kir; 


Ace. 


kir] 


Gen. 


kir; 


Ess. 


kir; 


Part. 


kir 


Trans. 


kir 


In. 


kir 


El. 


kir; 


11. 


kir 


Ad. 


kir.i 


Abl. 


kir; 


All. 


kir 


Abe 


kir 


Com. 


kir 



152 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

PLURAL. 

Nom. kirj a | mme, our books 

Ace. kirja| mme, our books 

Gen. kirj ai | mme, of our books 

Ess. kirjoina | mme, as our books 

Part. kirjoja | mme, (some of) our books 

Trans. kirj oikse| mme, for our books 

In. kirj oissa| mme, in our books 

El. kirj oista | mme, from our books 

II. kirj oihi j mme, into our books 

Ad. kirj oillaj mme, on our books 

Abl. kirj oilta | mme, from our books 

All. kirj oille | mme, to our books 

Abes. kirj oitta] mme, without our book 

Com. kirj oine | mme, with our books 

285. Declension of the demonstrative pronouns 

tdmd, this; tuo, that; se, it or t h a t. 



Nom. 

Ace. 

Gen. 

Ess. 

Part. 

Trans. 

In. 

El. 



SINGULAR. 




tdmd 


tuo 


se 


\ tdmd\n 


\ tuo\n 


\ se n 


( tdmd 


/ tuo 


1 se 


tdmd\n 


tuo|n 


se\n 


ta\nd 


tuo|na 


si?id 


ta\td 


tuo\ta 


si ta 


ta\ksi 


tuo k si 


siksi 


ta|ssa 


tuo\ssa 


sii\nd 


ta,\std 


tuo\sta 


sii tcl 






11. 


t&\han 


tuo hon 


hi n 


Ad. 


ta lid 


tuo Ua 


ua 


Abl. 


ta ltd 


tuo lta 


BJ (fa 


All. 




tuo lie 


BJ H< 




PLURAL. 




Nom. 


\ nama 
i nama t 


nuo 


ne 


Ace. 


nam 






Gen. 


\ nai di 


\ noi d< 


1 nii A 


i nai tti 


l noi tti 


j nii /^ 


Ess. 


nai na 


noi na 


nii na 


Part. 


nai ta 


noi ta 


nii tit 


Trans. 


nai ksi 


noi ksi 


nii ksi 


In. 


nai ssa 


noi 


nii 


El. 


nai|sta 


noi st a 


nii 


11. 


nai hin 


noi hin 


nii hin 


Ad. 


nai 11a 


noi 11a 


nii 11a 


Abl. 


nai lta 


noi lta 


nii lta 


All. 


nai lie 


noi lie 


nii lie 


286. Declension of 


the relative 


pronoun 


w h o, w h i c h. For m 


ika, w h o, w 


h i c h, w h a t, 


see 287. 










SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 


Nom. 


jo 


ka 


jo t ka 


Ace. 


n ka 


jot ka 


Gen. 


jo n ka 


I joi 


Ess. 


jo 


na 


joi na 



154 



FINNISH GRAMMAR 



Part. 

Trans. 

In. 

El. 

II. 

Ad. 

Abl. 

All. 



.1 



o 
o 





JO 

jo 
jo 
jo 



\ta 

\ksi 

\ssa 

\sta 

\hon 

\lla 

\lta 

\lle 



Joi|ta 

joi|ksi 

joi|ssa 

joi[sta 

joi|hin 

joi|lla 

joi|lta 

joi|lle 



287. Declension of the interrogatives kuka, ken, 
who; mikd, what. 





SINGULAR. 




Nom. 


ku\ka 


ken 


m\\ka 


Ace. 




kene|i 


mi|n|A:a 


Gen. 




kene\n 


mi|n \ka 


Part. 


ku\ta 


ke\td 


mi|£a 


Trans. 




kene\ksi 


mi\ksi 


In. 


ku\ssa 


kene|ssa 


mi\ssa 


El. 




kene\sta 


mi\sta 


11. 


ku\hnn 


kene\en 


milhin 


Ad. 




kene\lla 


mi\lla 


Abl. 




kene\lta 


mi\lta 


All. 




kene\lle 
PLURAL. 


mi j lie 


Nom. 


ku|t|A;a 


ke\t\ka mi 


\t\kd 


Ace. 


ku |t|fca 


kejtjfea mi 


\t\kd 


Gen. 


\ kui\den 


| kei \den 




( kui\tten 


I kei\tte?i 





TABLES OF CONJUGATION 






Part. 








kei tii 






Trans. 








kei ksi 






In. 








kei 




(other 


El. 








kei sta 




declini 


11. 
Ad. 








kei hin 
kei 1 11a 




like singular) 


Abl. 








kei lta 






All. 








kei | lie 






NOTE.- 


K 


11 in pi. 


W li i 


c h of th e 


t 




comparative 


(see 




kuni|iaiiM'ii, u 


h 


i c h 


tives and 


nouns < 


Hiding 


in -lien 


31 





TABLES OF CONJUGATION. 

288. Active affirmative and negative conjuga- 
tion of olla, to be. 

INDICATIVE. 

PRESENT. 



Affirmative. 
olen olemme 

olet olette 

on ovat 

I a m, etc. 



Neg 
en ole emme ole 

et ole ette ole 

ei ole eivat ole 

I am not, etc. 



IMPERFECT. 



Affirmativi . 
olin olimme 

olit olitte 

oli olivat 

I was, etc. 



N( 1 
en ollut emme oil 
et ollut ette oll< 
ei ollut eivat oil© 
I w a a n t, etc 



156 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

PERFECT. 

Affirmative. 

olen ollut olemme olleet 

olet ollut olette olleet 

on ollut ovat olleet 

I have been, etc. 

Negative. 

en ole ollut emme ole olleet 

et ole ollut ette ole olleet 

ei ole ollut eivat ole olleet 

I have not been, etc. 

PLUPERFECT. 
Affirmative. 

olin ollut olimme olleet 

olit ollut olitte olleet 

oli ollut olivat olleet 

I had been, etc. 

Negative. 

en ollut ollut emme olleet olleet 

et ollut ollut ette olleet olleet 

ei ollut ollut eivat olleet olleet 

I had not been, etc. 



TABLES OF CONJUGATION 
POTENTIAL. 

PRESENT. 

Affirmative. A < gai 

lienen lienemme en liene emm* 

lienet lienette et liene ette liene 



lienee lienevat ei liene eivat 1 

I may be, etc. I may not be, i 

PERFECT. 

Affirmant 

lienen ollut lienemme olleet 

lienet ollut lienette olleet 

lienee ollut lienevat olleet 

I might have been, etc. 

Negative. 
en liene ollut emme liene olleet 

et liene ollut ette liene olleet 

ei liene ollut eivat liene oil' 

I might not have been, etc. 

CONDITIONAL. 

PRESENT. 
Affirmative. N( gai 

olisin, olisimme en olisi emme olisi 

olisit olisitte et olisi ette olisi 

olisi olisivat ei olisi eivat olisi 

I should be, etc. I should not be, 



158 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

PERFECT. 

Affirmative. 

olisin ollut olisimme olleet 

olisit ollut olisitte olleet 

olisi ollut olisivat olleet 

I should have been, etc. 

Negative. 

en olisi ollut emme olisi olleet 

et olisi ollut ette olisi olleet 

ei olisi ollut eivat olisi olleet 

I should not have been, etc. 

IMPERATIVE. 

Affirmative. 

olkaamme, let us be 

ole, b e olkaatte, b e 

olkoon, 1 e t h i m be olkoot, let them be 

Negative. 

. alkaamme olko, let us 

n o t b e 
ala ole, be not alkaa(tte) olko, be not 

alkoon olko, let him alkoot olko, let them 
notbe notbe 



TABLES OF CONJUGATION 

INFINITIVK 

I. shorter, olla, to be III. Ines. olen 
longer, ollakseni, in in bein g 

order that I IV. Nom. oleminen, 
might be (lit. i n g, (mu 

for my being) Part, olemista, 

II. Ines. ollessa, in i n g 

being 

PARTICIPLES. 

I. oleva, being II. ollut, been 

289. Passive affirmative and negative con jug 
tion of olla, to be. 

INDICATIVE. 
Affirmative Negat 

PRESENT. 

ollaan, o n e is ei olla, one is n 

IMPERFECT. 

oltiin, o n e w a s ei oltu, o n e w as not 

PERFECT. 

on oltu, one has been ei ole oltu, o n e h 

not bee n 

PLUPERFE( 
oli oltu, one had ei oltu oltu, one had 

been not been 



160 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

POTENTIAL. 

PRESENT. 

oltaneen, onemaybe ei oltane, one may 

not be 

PERFECT. 

lienee oltu, onemight ei liene oltu, one might 
have been not have been 

CONDITIONAL. 

PRESENT, 
oltaisiin, one should ei oltaisi, one should 
be n o t b e 

PERFECT. 

olisi oltu, oneshould ei olisi oltu, one should 
have been not have been 

IMPERATIVE. 

oltakoon, let one be alkoon oltako, let one 

not be 

INFINITIVES. 

tt t ( oltaissa ) , . . , , . 

II. Ines. - .. Kin) ones being 

III. Instr. oltaman, 
(must) b e 

PARTICIPLES. 
I. oltava, (must) b e II. oltu, been 



Tables of conji iui 

'ii>o. Active affirmative and 

tion of the verb sanoa, to say. 

INDICATE 
PRESENT. 

Affirmati 

sano n san< en sano emme 6ano 

sano t sano/ et sano ette sano 

sano sano vat ei sano eivat sano 

I say, etc. I do not s a j 

IMPERFECT. 

Affirmati Ni \ 

sano 7 n sano i mme en sanonut emme sanoni 
sano i t sano i tte sanonut el 

sano i sano i vat ei sanonut eivat sanon< 

I said, etc. I did not s a y, i 

PERFECT. 

Affirmati 

olen sanonut olemme sanon< 

olet sanonut olette sanoiu 

on sanonut oval sanoi 

I have sa i d, et 

Ni gat 

en ole sanonut emme ole sanon 

et ole sanonut ette ole sanor 

ei ole sanonut eival ole sanoneel 

I h a v e n o t s a i d, etc. 



162 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

PLUPERFECT. 

Affirmative. 

olin sanonut olimme sanoneet 

olit sanonut olitte sanoneet 

oli sanonut olivat sanoneet 

I had said, etc. 

Negative. 

en ollut sanonut emme olleet sanoneet 

et ollut sanonut ette olleet sanoneet 

ei ollut sanonut eivat olleet sanoneet 

I had not said, etc. 

POTENTIAL. 

PRESENT. 

Affirmative. 

sano|we]n sanoiweimme 

sano | ne | t sano | ne | tte 

sano|w?|e sano \ne\ vat 

I may say, etc. 

Negative. 

en sano [ne emme sanoj??e 

et sano \ne ette sano j we 

ei sano j we eivat sano J we 

I may not say, etc. 



TABLES [ON 

UFKCT. 

.1 ffirmat 

lienen sanonut lienemme 

lienet sanonut lien< 

lienee sanonut lien- 

I might have said, i 

Negai 

en liene sanonut emme liene 

et liene sanonut ette liene sanoneet 

ei liene sanonut eivat liene sanoi 

I might not have said, i 

CONDITIONAL. 

PRESENT. 

Af fir mat' 

sano isi n sano isi mine 

sano isi t sano 

sano \isi sano isi vat 

I should say, etc. 

Negative. 

en sano U emme sano 

et sano ette sano 

. ei sano | m eivat sano 

I should not say, etc. 



164 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

PERFECT. 

Affirmative. 

olisin sanonut olisimme sanoneet 

olisit sanonut olisitte sanoneet 

olisi sanonut olisivat sanoneet 

I should have said, etc. 

Negative. 

en olisi sanonut emme olisi sanoneet 

et olisi sanonut ette olisi sanoneet 

ei olisi sanonut eivat olisi sanoneet 

I should not have said, etc. 

IMPERATIVE. 

Affirmative. 
1 — sano J kaa \ mme, 



sano, say let us say 

say sano\kaa(tte), say 

sano|A;oojn, sano | Jcoo \t, 

let him say let them say 

Negative. 

1 — alkaamme sano7t*o 

let us not say 
ala sano, alkaatte sanojAro, 

say not say not 

alkoon sano|A:o, alkoot sano|A;o, 

let him not say let them not say 



TABLES OF CONJUGATION 165 

INFINITIVES. 
I. shorter, sano|a, to say- 
longer, sano|a|kse(ni), in order that I 
may say (lit. for my saying) 

TT T \ sanolelssa / . 

II. Ines. - .,' in saying 

^sano|i|ssa \ 

T ) sanolijn /with or by saying, 

Inst. - I 

}sano|e|n \ saying 

III. Ines. sano|raa|ssa, in saying, saying 
El. sano|ma|sta, from saying 

II. sano|raa|an, (to) say, saying 

Ad. sano|ma|lla, by saying 

Abes. sano|majtta, without saying, 

not saying 
Instr. sano|raa|n, (must) say 

IV. Nom. sano\mine?i, saying 

Part. sano|rais|ta, (something) to say 

PARTICIPLES. 
I. sano|?;a, saying 
II. Nom. sanojm^, said 

Gen. sa,no\nee\n, of saying 

291. Passive affirmative and negative conju- 
gation of sanoa, to say. 

INDICATIVE. 

PRESENT. 

Affirmative, N( 

sano|ta|an, one says ei sanota, one does 

n o t s a y 



166 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

IMPERFECT. 

sano|£W|in, one did ei sano|££^, one did 
say notsay 

PERFECT. 

on sa,no\ttn, one has ei ole sanojito, one 
said has not said 

PLUPERFECT. 

oli ssmo\ttu, one had ei oltu sano|£to, one 
said hadnotsaid 

POTENTIAL. 

PRESENT. 

sano|££cme|en, o n e may ei sa,no\tlane, o n e m a y 
say notsay 

PERFECT. 

lienee ssmo\ttu, one ei liene sano\ttii, one 
migt have said might not have 

said 

CONDITIONAL. 

PRESENT. 
sano|££amjin, one ei ssnio\ttaisi, one 

would say would not say 

PERFECT, 
olisi sa,no\ttu, one ei olisi sano\ttu, one 

w o u 1 d h a ve s a i d would have not 

said 



TABLES OF CONJUGATION 

IMPERATIVE. 

sano | ttafco | on, let one ei s&no\ ttako, let one 

say not s;iy 

INFINITIVES. 

TT T i sano|££adssa ) 7 . v , 

II. Ines. - ,, .,' (in) one s saving 

/ sano|££ai|ssa \ 

III. Instr. sano\ttarna\n, (must be) said 

PARTICIPLES. 

I. s&no\ttava, (to be or must be) s a i d 
II. sano\tta, said 

292. Active affirmative and negative conjuga- 
tion of the verb saada, t o -s-ary: Y? CA*H 

INDICATIVE. 

PRESENT. 

Affirmative. Neyat 

saa|w saa|mme en saa emme Baa 
saa|£ saa \tte et saa ette saa 

saa saa|i?a£ ei saa eivat saa 

I receive, etc. I do not r e c e i 

etc. 



168 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

IMPERFECT. 

Affirmative. Negative. 

sa|z[n sa|i|mme en saanut emme saaneet 
sa|i|t sa|i|tte et saanut ette saaneet 

sa|i sa|i|vat ei saanut eivat saaneet 

I received, etc. I did not receive, 

etc. 

PERFECT. 

Affirmative. 

olen saanut olemme saaneet 

olet saanut olette saaneet 

on saanut ovat saaneet 

I have received, etc. 

Negative. 

en ole saanut emme ole saaneet 

et ole saanut ette ole saaneet 

ei ole saanut eivat ole saaneet 

I have not received, etc. 

PLUPERFECT. 

Affirmative. 

olin saanut olimme saaneet 

olit saanut olitte saaneet 

oli saanut olivat saaneet 

I had received, etc. 



TABLES OF CONJUGATION If)!) 

Negati 

en ollut saanut emme oil© ieet 

et ollut saanut ette olleet saaneet 

ei ollut saanut eivat olleet Baaneet 

I had not received, etc. 

POTENTIAL. 

PRESENT. 

Af fir mati N( «/<//■ 

saa|nejn saa,«6mme en saa m emme 

saa|wejt saa|/ie|tte et saajwe ette saa | we 

saa ite\e saajne|vat ei saa eivat Baa 

I may receive, I may not recei 
etc. etc. 

PERFECT. 

Affirmati 

lienen saanut lienemme saaneet 

lienet saanut lienette saaneet 

lienee saanut lienevat saaneet 

I might have received, i 

Negati 

en liene saanut emme liene saan. 

et liene saanut ette liene saaneet 

ei liene saanut eivat liene saaneet 

I might not have received, etc. 



170 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

CONDITIONAL. 

PRESENT. 
Affirmative. Negative. 

sa|m|n sa|m|mme en sa|m emme sa|isi 

sa|m|t sa|m|tte et sa|m ette sa|m 

sa|m sa|m|vat ei sa|isi eivat sa|m 

I should receive, I should not re- 
etc. c e i v e, etc. 

PERFECT. 

Affirmative. 
olisin saanut olisimme saaneet 

olisit saanut olisitte saaneet 

olisi saanut olisivat saaneet 

I should have received, etc. 

Negative. 
en olisi saanut emme olisi saaneet 

et olisi saanut ette olisi saaneet 

ei olisi saanut eivat olisi saaneet 

I should not have received, etc. 

IMPERATIVE. 

Affirmative. 

saa,\kaa\mme, let us 

receive 
saa, receive saajA:aa|tte, receive 

saa|A;oo|n, 1 e t him re- saa|A:oo|t, let them 
ceive receive 



TABLES OF CONJUGATION 171 

Ni gat\ 

alkaamme Baa fco, I e I 

us not receive 

ala saa, receive not alkaa (tte ) r e- 

c e i v e not 
alkoon saaj/co, let him alkoot saa fco, 1 e 1 them 
not receive not receive 

INFINITIVES. 

I. shorter, saa | da, to receive 

longer, saa|rfa|kse(ni), in order that I 
may receive (lit. for my receiving) 

II. In. saa de ssa, in receiving 

Instr. saajc/ejn, by or with receiving 

III. In. saa|raajssa, in receiving, re- 

ceiving 
El. saa|ma;sta, from receiving 

II. saa | ma | an, (to) receive, receiv- 
ing 
Ad. saa|ma|lla, by receiving 
Abes, saa'wa'tta, without receiving, 

not receiving 
Instr. sasi'minen, receiving 

IV. Nom. saa man, (must) r e c e i 

Pari;. sSL3,\mista, (something) to red 

PARTICIPL1 

I. saa \va, receiving. II. saa//"/. received. 
?{):>. Passive affirmative and negative conju- 
gation of the verb saada, t o r e ceil 






172 FINNISH GRAMMAR 

INDICATIVE. 

Affirmative. Negative. 

PRESENT. 

saa|da]an, one re- ei saajrfa, one does 

ceives notreceive 

IMPERFECT. 

saa|fa*|in, one re- ei saa|£^, o n e di d no t 

ceived receive 

PERFECT. 

on saa|to, onehasre- ei ole saa|te, one has 
ceived not received 

PLUPERFECT. 

oli saa|£^, one had ei oltu saa|£w, one had 
received not received 

POTENTIAL. 

PRESENT. 

saa\tane\en, one may ei saa|frme, one may 
receive notreceive 

PERFECT. 

lienee saa|£w, one ei liene saa|i?/, one 

might have re- might not have 
ceived received 












VERB STEMS 

CONDITIONAL. 

PRESENT. 

saa|fom|in, one would ei Baa I aid 

receive not rec 

PERFECT. 

olisi saaj^v, one would ei olisi 

h a v e r e c e i v e d would not ha 

received 

INFINITIVES. 

saaj£aA;o|on, let one ei saa7r//;o, let one 
receive not recei 

TT T i saa'iaelssa / ,. . 

II. Ines. - , .,' (in) ones recei vi 

(I saa|£cu|ssa \ 

III. Instr. ssi£i\tama\n 

PARTICIPLES. 

I. saa\taua, (must be) received. II. 
received. 

FORMATION OF THE VERB STEB 

294. The vowel stem of the verb 1 I by 

dropping -koon or -koon, the endings of the third 
person singular of the imperative aeti\ 
no\koon, vowel stem sano-; syd feooi 
syd-. 



174 



FINNISH GRAMMAR 



295. The consonant stem may be found by 
dropping the same endings, -koon, -koon, of the 
imperative active; as, tid\koon, consonant stem 
tul-; pes\koon, consonant stem pes-. 

It should be noticed that all the consonant stems 
end in e in the present indicative active; as, tule\n, 
pese\n, pane\n, etc. 



ALPHABETICAL LIST OF VERBS. 

296. Alphabetical list of verbs showing the 
first person singular of the present indicative, the 
third person singular of the imperfect indicative, 
the third person singular of the imperative active, 
and the imperative passive: 



Present 


Imperfect 


Imperative 


Imperative 


Indicative 


Indicative 


Active 


Passive 


aion 


aikoi 


aikokoon 


aiottakoon 


ajan 


ajoi 


ajakoon 


ajettakoon 


alan 


alkoi 


alkakoon 


alettakoon 


annan 


antoi 


antakoon 


annettakoon 


astun 


astui 


astukoon 


astuttakoon 


autan 


\ auttoi 
1 autti 


auttakoon 


autettakoon 


eksyn 


eksyi 


eksykoon 


eksyttakoon 


elan 


eli 


elakoon 


elettakoon 


erehdyn 


erehtyi 


erehtykoon 


erehdyttakoon 


haluan 


halusi 


halutkoon 


haluttakoon 


hankin 


hankki 


hankkikoon 


hankittakoon 


heitan 


heitti 


heittakoon 


heitettakoon 


huomautan 


huomauttti 


huomauttakoon 


huomautettakoon 



LIST OP VERBS 






huudan 

huvitan 

hyppaan 

hairitsen 

ihailen 

imen 

istun 

itken 

jatkan 

juhlin 

juon 

jatan 

kalastan 

kannan 

kasvan 

katson 

keitan 

keraan 

kiitan 

kirjoitan 

koetan 

kohtaan 

konttaan 

kuulen 

kunnioitan 

kuritan 

kutsun 

kudon 

kylailen 

kysyn 

kavelen 

lennan 

lepaan 

loistan 



\ huusi 
/ huuti 

huvitti 

hyppasi 

hairitsi 

ihaili 

imi 

istui 

itki 

jatkoi 

juhli 

joi 

jatti 

kalasti 

kantoi 

kasvoi 

katsoi 

keitti 

kerasi 

kiitti 

kirjoitti 

koetti 

kohtasi 

konttasi 

kuuli 

kunnioitti 

kuritti 

kutsui 

kutoi 

kylaili 

kysyi 

kaveli 

lensi 

lepasi 

loisti 



huutakoon 

huvittakoon 

hypatkoon 

hairitkoon 

ihailkoon 

imekoon 

istukoon 

itkekoon 

jatkakoon 

juhlikoon 

juokoon 

jattakoon 

kalastakoon 

kantakoon 

kasvakoon 

katsokoon 

keittakoon 

keratkoon 

kiittakoon 

kirjoittakoon 

koettakoon 

kohdatkoon 

kontatkoon 

kuulkoon 

kunnioittakoon 

kurittakoon 

kutsukoon 

kutokoon 

kylailkoon 

kysykoon 

kavelkoon 

lentakoon 

levatkoon 

loistakoon 



huudettakoon 

huvitettakoon 

hypattakoon 

hairittakoon 

ihailtakoon 

imettakoon 

istuttakoon 

itkettakoon 

jatkettakoon 

juhlittakoon 

juotakoon 

jatettakoon 

kalastettakoon 

kannettakoon 

kasvettakoon 

katsottakoon 

keitettakoon 

kerattakoon 

kiitettakoon 

kirjoitettakoon 

koetettakoon 

kohdattakoon 

kontattakoon 

kuultakoon 

kunnioitettakoon 

kuritettakoon 

kutsuttakoon 

kudottakoon 

kylailtakoon 

kysyttakoon 

kaveltakoon 

lenncttakoon 

levattakoon 

loistcttakoon 



176 



FINNISH GRAMMAR 



lopetan 
loukkaan 


lopetti 
loukkasi 


lopettakoon 
loukatkoon 


lopetettakoon 
loukattakoon 


luen 


luki 


lukekoon 


luettakoon 


luulen 


luuli 


luulkoon 


luultakoon 


lyon 
lahden 


loi 
lahti 


lyokoon 
lahtekoon 


lyotakoon 
lahdettakoon 


lahetan 


lahetti 


lahettakoon 


lahetettakoon 


maksan 


maksoi 


maksakoon 


maksettakoori 


matkustan 


matkusti 


matkustakocn 


matkustettakoon 


melon 


meloi 


melokoon 


melottakoon 


menen 


meni 


menkoon 


mentakoon 


menetan 


menetti 


menettakoon 


menetettakoon 


menestyn 
merkitsen 


menestyi 
merkitsi 


menestykoon 
merkitkoon 


menestyttakoon 
merkittakoon 


metsastan 


metsasti 


metsastakoon 


metsastettakoon 


muistan 


muisti 


muistakoon 


muistettakoon 


muodostan 


muodosti 


muodcstakoon 


muodostettakoon 


muutun 


muuttui 


muuttukoon 


muututtakoon 


my on 

myohastyn 

nauran 


moi 

myohastyi 

nauroi 


myokoon 

myohastykoon 

naurakoon 


myotakoon 

myohastyttakoon 

naurettakoon 


nousen 


nousi 


nouskoon 


noustakoon 


nuhtelen 


nuhteli 


nuhdelkoon 


nuhdeltakoon 


nukun 


nukkui 


nukkukoon 


nukuttakoon 


naen 


naki 


nahkoon 


nahtakoon 


naytan 
cdotan 


naytti 
cdotti 


nayttakoon 
odottakoon 


naytettakoon 
cdotettakoon 


ojennan 


\ ojensi 
") ojenti 


ojentakoon 


ojennettakoon 


olen 


oli 


olkoon 


oltakoon 


omistan 


omisti 


omistakoon 


omistettakoon 


ongin 

opin 

osaan 


onki 
oppi 
osasi 


onkikoon 
oppikoon 
osatkoon 


cngittakoon 

opittakoon 

osattakoon 


ostan 


osti 


ostakcon 


ostettakoon 






LIST OF VE1 






otan 


otti 


ottakoon 


ctettakoon 


painan 


painoi 


painakoon 


painettakoon 


paistan 


paistoi 


paistakoon 


paistettakoon 


palkitsen 


palkitsi 


palkitkoon 


palkittakocn 


poltan 


poltti 


polttakoon 


pcltettakoon 


panen 


pani 


pankoon 


pantakoon 


peitan 


peitti 


peittakoon 


peitettakoon 


pelkaan 


pelkasi 


pelatkoon 


pelattakoon 


perin 


peri 


perikoon 


perittakoon 


pesen 


pesi 


peskoon 


pestakbon 


pidan 


piti 


pitakoon 


pidettakoon 


pcimin 


poimi 


poimikoon 


poimittakoon 


potkaisen 


potkaisi 


potkaiskoon 


potkaistakoon 


putoan 


putosi 


pudotkoon 


pudottakocn 


puren 


puri 


purkocn 


purtakoon 


pyydan 


pyysi 


pyytakoon 


pyydettakoon 


paas'en 


paasi 


paaskoon 


paastakobn 


paatan 


paatti 


paattakoon 


paatettakobn 


rakastan 


rakasti 


rakastakoon 


rakastettakoon 


repaisen 


repaisi 


repaiskoon 


repaistakoon 


rukoilen 


rukoili 


rukoilkoon 


rukoiltakoon 


saan 


sai 


saakoon 


saatakoon 


saavun 


saapui 


saapukoon 


saavuttakoon 


sallin 


salli 


sallikoon 


sallittakoon 


sanon 


sanoi 


sanokocn 


sanottakocn 


seison 


seisoi 


seisokoon 


seisottakocn 


selitan 


selitti 


selittakoon 


selitettakoon 


seuraan 


seurasi 


seuratkcon 


seurattakoon 


sidon 


sitoi 


sitokoon 


sidottakoon 


sovin 


sopi 


sopikoon 


sovittakoon 


soudan 


\ sousi 
1 souti 


soutakoon 


soudettakoon 


sukellan 


\ sukelsi 
/ sukelti 


sukeltakoon 


sukellettakoon 



178 



FINNISH GRAMMAR 



saastan 


saasti 


saastakoon 


saastettakoon 


tahdon 


tahtoi 


tahtokoon 


tahdottakoon 


tarjoan 


tarjosi 


tarjotkoon 


tarjottakoon 


tartun 


tarttui 


tarttukoon 


tartuttakoon 


teen 


teki 


tehkoon 


tehtakoon 


tiedan 


tiesi 


tietakoon 


tiedettakoon 


toivon 


toivoi 


toivokoon 


toivottakoon 


tulen 


tuli 


tulkoon 


tultakoon 


tunkeudun 


tunkeutui 


tunkeutukoon 


tunkeuduttakoon 


tunnen 


tunsi 


tuntekoon 


tunnettakoon 


tuon 


toi 


tuokoon 


tuotakoon 


uin 


ui 


uikoon 


uitakoon 


unhotan 


unhotti 


unhottakoon 


unhotettakoon 


vahingoitan 


i vahingcitti 


vahingoittakoon 


vahingoitettakoon 


vaihdan 


vaihtoi 


vaihtakoon 


vaihdettakoon 


vakuutan 


vakuutti 


vakuuttakoon 


vakuutettakoon 


valitsen 


valitsi 


valitkoon 


valittakoon 


varastan 


varasti 


varastakoon 


varastettakoon 


vastaan 


vastasi 


vastatkoon 


vastattakoon 


vedan 


veti 


vetakoon 


vedettakoon 


vien 


vei 


viekoon 


vietakoon 


vierailen 


vieraili 


vierailkoon 


vierailtakoon 


viihdyn 


viihtyi 


viihtykoon 


viihdyttakoon 


voin 


voi 


voikoon 


voitakocn 


voitan 


voitti 


voittakoon 


voitettakoon 


vuolen 


vuoli 


vuolkoon 


vuoltakoon 


ylenen 


yleni 
/ 


yletkoon 


ylettakoon 


aannan 


\ aanti 
/ aansi 


aantakoon 


aannettakoon 






FINNISH-!^ 



179 



FINNISH ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 



aalto, wave 
aamiainen, breakfast 
ah, alas 

ahkera, diligent 
ahkerasti, diligently 
Ahti, god of the sea 
aika, time 
aikoa, to intend 
aina, always 
airo, oar 
aita, fence 
aitta, store house 
aivo, brain 
ajaa, to drive 
ajatella, to think 
ajo, drive 



ajuri, driver 
akkuna, window 

alas, down 

alusvaate, underclothei 

alkaa, to begin, 

alia, under 

antaa, to give 

apu, help 

arkku, trunk 

asema, station, depot 

askel, step 

astia, vessel, utensil 

astua, to step 

asua, to live 

aurinko, sun 

auttaa, to help 






edella, before 

ehka, perhaps 

ei, not, no 

ei ensinkaan, not at all 

ei koskaan, never 

eilen, yesterday 

eksya, to err 

elokuu, August 

elaa, to live 



elain, animal 

eli, or 

enempi, comp. « i paljo. n 

enin, superlative of paljo, 

m< 
ennenkun, befoi 
entinen, fom 
epahuomio, mi 



180 



VOCABULARY 



erehtya, to err, to mistake etela, south 
eras, some one etaalla, far 

etta, that 



H 



haara, branch 

haarautua, to branch 

halki, through 

halpa, cheap 

haluta, to wish, to desire 

hammas, tooth 

hankkia, to furnish, to get 

hapan, sour, bitter 

harja, brush 

harmaa, gray 

•harvoin, seldom 

hattu, hat 

haukkua, to bark, to insult 

hauska, pleasant 

havupim, fir tree 

he, they 

hedelma, fruit 

hedelmapuu; fruit tree 

heikko, weak 

heinakuu, July 

heittaa, to throw 

helmikuu, February 

helppo, easy, cheap 

henki, life 

herra, Mr., Sir 

herrasmies, gentleman 

heme, pea 

hevonen, horse 

hiha, sleeve 

hiiri, mouse 



hiljaa, silently, quietly 

hiljainen, quiet, silent 

hinta, price 

hius, plu. hiukset, hair 

hoitaa, nurse 

hoito, care 

hopea, silver 

housut, trousers 

huomenna, to-morrow 

huomauttaa, to call attention, 

to remark 
huomautus, remark 
huone, room . 
huokea, cheap 

huoleti, without care 

huuli, lip 

huutaa, to cry, to shout 

hukkaan, in vain 

huhtikuu, April 

huvittaa, to amuse 

hypata, to jump 

hyvin, very 

hyva, good 

hairita, to disturb 

han, he, she 

hanella on, he or she has 

hanta, tail 

hata, distress, need 

hoyry, steam 



FINNISH-ENGLISH 



181 



ihana, graceful, charming 

ihailla, to admire 

ihminen, man, human being 

ikaankuin, as if 

illallinen, supper 

ilma, weather, air 

ilman, without 

iloinen, cheerful 

ilo, joy, gladness 



ilta, i 

imea, to suck, t< 
iso, big, larj 
istua, to sit 
isa, father 
isanta, mast 
itkea, to cry, to 
itse, self 



ja, and 

jalopeura, lion 
jakautua, to branch 
jalka, foot 
jatkaa, to continue 
jo, already 
joka, every 
joka, who, which 
jokainen, every 
jokin, something 
joki, river 

joko tai, either 

joku, some one 



jotakin, something 
jotta, that 

joulukuu, December 
juhlia, to celebrate 

juuri, root 
juoda, to drink 
juoma, drink 
juomalasi, glass, tumbler 
juosta, to run 
juna, train 

jalki(-ssa, -sta, -en) behind, 
or after 

jalkiruoka, 



jompikumpi, one or other of janis, rabbit 



the two 
jos, if 
joskus, sometimes 



kaali, cabbage 
kahvi, coffee 
kahvipannu, coffee pot 



jarvi, lake 
jattaa, to Ic 
jaa, ice 



K 



kahveli, fork 
kaikki, all 
kaikellainen. 



kinds 



182 



VOCABULARY 



kaikkialla, everywhere 

kaivanto, mine 

kajahtaa, to echo 

kaksittain, two by two 

kaksi, two 

kallio, rock 

kallis, expensive, dear 

kala, fish 

kalastaa, to fish 

kammioa, to disgust 

kampa, comb 

kana, hen 

kanarialintu, canary bird 

kansallinen, national 

kanssa, with 

kantaa, to bear, to carry 

kartta, map 

kartano, garden, yard 

katkera, bitter, sour 

kasvi, plant 

kasvaa, to grow 

katsca, to look, to see 

katto, roof 

katu, street 

katuvaunu, street car 

kaukana, far 

kaula, neck 

kaulus, collar 

kaunis, beautiful 

kaupunki, city 

kautta, by 

kehto, cradle 

keittio, kitchen 

keittaja, cook 

keittaa, to cook 



keksia, to invent 

kello, bell 

keltainen, yellow 

kenka, shoe 

kenkaan, any one 

kertomus, story 

kesa, summer 

kesakuu, June 

keskiviikko, Wednesday 

keskella, in the midst of 

kesy, tame 

kevat, spring 

kerma, cream 

kerata, to gather, to collect 

kettu, fox 

kiittaa, to thank 

kiittamaton, unthankful 

kieli, tongue 

kielioppi, grammar 

kiehua, to boil 

kirja, book 

kirje, letter 

kirjain, letter 

kirjoittaa, to write 

kirkko, church 

kirkas, bright, clear 

kirves, ax 

kissa, cat 

koettaa, to try 

kohdata, to meet 

kohta, soon 

koira, dog 

koko, whole, size 

kolme, three 

kokous, meeting 



FINNISH-E1S 






konttori, office 
kontata, to crawl 
korkea, high 

korva, ear 
kcska, becat 

koti, home 

koulu, school 

kova, hard 

kuu, moon 

kuin, than 

kuulla, to hear 

kuukausi, month 

kukkaumpu, flower bud 

kukka, flower 

kukin, each 

kukko, rooster 

kukaan, any one 

kulta, gold 

kulkuri, wanderer 

kumma, wonder 

kumpikin, one of the two 

kunnioittaa, to honor 



kunnes, until, til 

kun. 

kurittaa, 

kutsua, to call, to ask 

kutoa, to 
kuva, picture 
kylla, \ 
kyla, vill 
kylailla, to visit 
kylma, cold 
kyna, pen 
kypsya, to ri] 
kysya, to ask 
karki, point 
kasi, hand 
kasivarsi, arm 
kasitysten, hand in 
katkyt, cradle 
kavella, t<> walk 
kayda, to go 
kaytava, hall 
koyha, p 



L. 



laaja, wide 
laakso, valley 
laatikko, box 
laatusana, adjective 
lahja, gift, present 
lahjoittaa, to present 
laiha, thin 
lainehtia to wave 
laiva, ship 
lakana, bed sheet 
lammas, lamb, sheep 



lammaslauma. 

lampaanliha, mutt 

lapio, 

lapsi, child 

lattia, f. 

latva, top 

lauantai, Saturd 

laulaa, 

lauma, 1! 

laulu. 

lautanen. 



184 



VOCABULARY 



lehti, leaf 

leipa, bread 

lentaa, to fly 

leviita, to rest 

leuka, chin 

liian, too 

liike, business 

liivi, vest 

liha, meat 

lihakauppa, meat market 

lihava, fat 

liki (-11a, -ta, -lie) near 

lintu, bird 

loistaa, to shine 

lokakuu, October 

lopettaa, to end, to finish 

loukata, to insult, to hurt 



lukea, to read 
luku, chapter 
lumi, snow 

luulla, to suppose, to pre- 
sume ■ 
luokka, class 
lusikka, spoon 
lyijykyna, pencil 
lyhyt, short 

lyoda, to beat, to strike 
lahde, spring 
lahella, near 
lahettaa, to send 
lahtea, to start, to set off 
laksy, lesson 
lammin, warm 
lampo, temperature 



M. 



maa earth, land 
maailma world 
maaliskuu, March 
maanantai, Monday 
maalata, to paint 
maalari, painter 
maito, milk 
majatalo, hotel 
mahtava, powerful, mighty 
makea, sweet 
makeinen, candy 
makeiskauppa, confectionary 
makkara, sausage 
maksaa, to pay 
mansikka, strawberry 
marja, berry 



markkina, market 
marraskuu, November 
matto, carpet, rug 
matala, shallow, low 
matka, trip, journey 
matkalippu, ticket 
matkustaa, to travel 
me, we 

meloa, to paddle 
menna, to go 
menettaa, to lose 
menestya, to succeed 
merkita, to mark 
meri, sea 
metsa, forest 
metsastaa, to hunt 



FINNISH-ENGLISH 






metsastys, hunting 

mies, man 

mikin, any one 

milloin, when 

minulla on, I have 

minutti, minute 

mina, I 

molemmat, both 

moni, many 

monenlainen, all kinds of 

muinoin, formerly 

muistaa, to remember 

mukana, along 

muna, egg 

muodostaa, to form 



muodostus, 
musta, black 
muste, ink 
mustikka, blackb 
mutta, but 
mualta from 
muuttua, to chi 
myrsky, storm 
myrskyinen, stormy 
myoda, to sell 
myohastya. 
myoskin, ah 
myoten, alon 
maki, hill 



N. 



naapuri neighbor 

nauraa, to langh 

nauru, laugh 

ne, they, them, those 

niinkuin, as if 

niin muodoin, consequently 

niin etta, so that 

nimi, name 

nimittain, namely 

nimisana, noun 



nopea, swift, quick 
ncusta, to r 
nuhdella, t«> scold 
nukkua, to -1 
nuo, tli 
nuori, young 
nyt, now 
nahda, I 
nama, ti 
nayttaa, t«» show 



odottaa, to wait 

oh!, oh! 

ohjas, rein 

oikea, right 

ojentaa, strech, to straighten 

oksa, branch, twi 



olla, t<> be 

oli, 

olivat, w 

olkaa hyva, , 

olki, 

cma, own 






186 



VOCABULARY 



omistaa, to own 

omena, apple 

on, is 

onki, fishing tackle, fishhook 

onkia, to fish with a hook 

onni, luck 

onnellinen, lucky 

oppia, to learn 

opettaja, teacher 

osata, to know 



osa, pa'rt 
osote, address 
ostaa, to buy 
ostos, shopping 
otsa, forehead 
ottaa, to take 
cttaa kiinni, to catch 
outo, strange 
ovat, are 
ovi, door 



paikka, place 
paimen, shepherd 
painaa, to press, to weigh 
paita, shirt 
paistaa, to bake 
paitsi, besides, except 
paha, bad 
palkita, to reward 
pallo, ball 
pala, piece 
polttaa, to burn 
paljo, much 
paljas, bare 
palvelija, servant 
pankki, bank 
panna, to put 
pannu, pan 

pappi, priest, minister 
paperi, paper 

parempi, comp. of hyva, bet- 
ter 
paras, sup. of hyva, best 
pata, kettle 



peittaa, to cover 

peite, cover 

Pekka, Peter 

pelto, field 

pelata, to be affraid 

perhe, family 

peria, to inherit 

perjantai, Friday 

peruna, potato 

pesa, nest 

pesta, to wash 

petollinen, deceitful 

pian, soon 

pieni, small 

piirakka, pie 

pilvi, cloud 

pimea, dark 

pisin, sup. of pitka, longest, 

tallest 
pitkin, along 
pitka, long 
pitaa, to hold, to regard, to 

like 



FINNISH-ENGLISH 






poikki, across 

poika, boy 

poimia, to pick, to gather 

pohja, bottom 

pchjoinen, northern, north 

polvi, knee 

pennistus, effort, exertion 

ponnistaa, to exert 

postikenttori, post office 

potkaista, to kick 

pudota, to fall 

puku, suit 

puhua, to speak 

punainen, red 

puoli, half 

puoti, store 

purra, to bite 

purjehtia, to sail 



puu, 
puuro, porri 

puuttua, to 1 
puutarhuri, 
pyyheliina, t. 
pyytaa, to 1 
pysty, an upi 
pyorea, round 
paa, head 
paaskynen, swall 
paasta, to reach 
paattaa, to deci 
painvastoin, on t 
paiva, day 
paivallinen, dinner 
poyta, table 
poytakirja, n 
poytaliina, table cloth 



R. 



rakas, dear 
raicastaa, to love 
rakentaa, to build 
rangaista, to punish 
rangaistus, punishment 
ranta, shore, coast 
Ranska, France 
rata, track 
rauta, iron 
rautatie, railroad 
ravinto, nourishment, 
ravintola, restaurant 
rehellinen, hon< 
reki, sleigh 



repaista, to tear 

rehellinen, hi >n< 

rikas, rich 

rinnatusten, side 

rinne. 

rinta, bn 

ripustaa, 

risti, 

rouva, M 

ruoho. 

ruokahuone, dinii 

ruoka 

rukoilla, to ; 



188 



VOCABULARY 



ruskea, brown 
ruumis, body 



ruusu, rose 
raystas, eaves 



saada, to receive 
saada valmiiksi, to get ready 
saalis, booty, prey 
saapua, to reach, to arrive 
sade, rain 

sallia, to allow, to permit 
salaa, secretly 
sal vet i, napkin 
sama, same 
sana, word 
sanoa, to say 
seina, wall 
seinakello, clock 
seisoa, to stand 
sekoittaa, to stir 
se, it 
seka, also 

seka — etta, both — and 
sellainen, such 

selittaa, to explain, to de- 
scribe 
selka, back 
selva, clear 
seinmoinen, such 
sentahden, therefore, for 
serkku, cousin 
seta, uncle 
seurata, to follow 
seuraava, next 
sieva, nice, fine 
siis, therefore 



siisti, neat 

sija, case, seat 

silma, eye 

silea, smooth 

silloin, then 

silla, for 

sininen, blue 

sina, thou 

sinun, thy 

sisar, sister 

sisa (-ssa, -sta, -ltii, etc.) in, 

in the interior 
sitten, then 
sittenkun, after that 
sitoa, to tie, to bind 
sitruuna, lemon 
sokea, blind 
sokeri, sugar 

sokeripala, a piece of sugar 
sokeriastia, sugar bowl 
sokerileivos, cake 
sopimus, agreement 
sopia, to fit 
soppa, soup 
sormi, finger 
sormus, ring 
soutaa, to row 
suhteen, in relation to 
sukka, sock, stocking 
sukeltaa, to dive 
sunnuntai, Sunday 



FINNISH-ENGL] 



189 



suola, salt 

suomalainen, Finn, Finnish 

Suomi, Finland 

sum, sorrow 

susi, wolf 

suunnitelma, scheme 

suu, mouth* 



syksy, fall, autumn 

syva, d< 

syy. 

syyskuu. 

sade, ray, 

saastaa, I 



T. 



taas, again 

tahtca, to want, to desire 

taide, art 

taivas, sky, heaven 

takki, coat 

talo, house 

talonpoika, peasant, farmer 

talvd, winter 

tammikuu, January 

tapahtua, to happen, to occur 

tapaus, event, occurrence 

tarjota, to offer 

tarttua, to take hold of, to 

attach 
tasku, pocket 
taskukello, watch 
te, you 
tee, tea 

teepannu, tea pot 
teevati, saucer 
tehda, to make 
teonsana, verb 
terava, sharp 
tie, road, * 
tietaa, to know 
tiistai, Tuesday 



tcivo, 1 

tcivoa, to 1 

tosi, true 

tcsin, truly 

toukokuu, May 

torstai, Thurs 

tukka, hair 

tulla, to con 

tuli, fire 

tunkeutua, to peneti 

tunti, hour 

tuntea, to feel 

tuoda. bring 

tuoksu, tell 

tuolla, there 

tucli, chair 

tuo, that 

tupa, house 

turhaan, in 

tytto. 

tyytyvainen, 

tyo, \\<»rk 

tahti. 

takki, blanks 

tahden, 

taalla. 



190 



VOCABULARY 



tama, this 
tanne, here 
tanaan, to-day 
tati, aunt 



taysi, full 
taytyy, must 
tayttaa, to fill 



U. 



uida, to swim 

ulos, out 

ulkomaa, foreign country 

unhottaa, to forget 

usein, often 

uskaltaa to dare, to venture 



urhoollinen, brave 

uuni, stove, furnace, oven 

uni, sleep, dream 

usea, many 

uusi, new 



V. 



vaan, but 
vaara, danger 
vaate, cloth 
vaatekaappi, wardrobe 
vaatekauppa, clothing store 
vahingoittaa, to injure, to 

harm 
vahinko, injury, harm 
vahva, strong 
vaihtaa, to change 
vaikka, but 

vaikea, difficult, hard 
vaimo, woman 
vaiva, trouble 
vakuuttaa, to register, to 

assert 
valehtelija, liar 
valita, to choose 
vaikea, white 
valmis, ready 
vapaa, free 



vapa, fishing rod 
vanha, old 
varhainen, early 
varjo, shade 
varmaan, surely 
varpunen, sparrow 
varas, thief 
varastaa, to steal 
vartalo, stem, body 
varten, for, for the sake of 
vasen, left 
vastaan, against 
vastapaata, opposite 
vastata, to answer 
vastaus, answer 
vatsa, stomach 
vaunu, car 
veitsi, knife 
veli, brother 
vene, boat 
veri, blood 



FINNISH-FAV.I.ISII 






veraja, gate, passageway 

vesi, water 

vetaa, to pull, to draw 

vieda, to carry 

viela, yet 

vierailla, to visit 

vieras, stranger 

vierasmies, witness 

vierashuone, parlor 

vihdoin, at last 

vihannes, vegetable 

vihata, to hate 

vihastua, to get angry 

viheria, green 

viihtya, to feel at home 

viikko, week 

viimein, finally, at last 

viimeinen, last 



vnsas, 
viisi, 
villainen, 
virkamies, 

holder 
voida, 
voi, butt 
voima, strength 
voimakas, powerful 
voittaa, t<> win 
vuode, bed 
vuoksi, for, for t 
vuolla, to chip 
vuori, mountain 
vuosi, year 
vakeva, powerful 
varsy, \ 
vaara, wrong, cr< 






yhteen, together 
Yhdysvallat, the United 

States 
yksi, one 

yksittain one by one 
yleta, to rise 



aiti, mother 
aaneti, silent 



yli, over, act 
yritys, enterprise, 

ystava, friend 
ympari, around 
yd, night 



A. 



aani, voice, t 
aantaa, t.» pr 



o. 



oljy, oil 



192 



VOCABULARY 



ENGLISH-FINNISH VOCABULARY. 



according to, myoten 

across, yli, poikki 

address, osote, osottaa 

adjective, laatusana 

admire, ihailla 

advise, neuvoa 

afraid of, pelata 

after, jalki (-ssa, -sta, -en) 

again, taas 

against, vastaan, vasten 

air, ilma 

alas, ah 

all, kaikki 

all kinds of, kaikellainen 

allow, sallia 

almost, melkein 

along, pitkin, myoten 

already, jo 

also, myoskin 

always, aina 



back, selka, taka 
bad, paha 
ball, pallo 
bank, pankki 
bare, pal j as 
bark, haukktfa 



A. 



amuse, huvittaa 

and, ja 

answer, vastata, vastaus 

animal, elain 

any one, kenkaan, mikin 

apple, omena 

April, huhtikuu 

are, ovat 

arm, kasivarsi 

around, ympari 

art, taide 

as if, ikaankuin, niinkuin 

as, kun 

ask, kysya, pyytaa 

attempt, } T ritys 

at last, vihdoin, viimein 

August, elokuu 

aunt, tati 

ax, kirves 



B. 



be, olla 

be late, myohastya 
bear, kantaa 
bear, karhu 
beat, lyoda 
beautiful, kaunis 



ENGLISH-FINNISH 



193 



bed, vuode 

before, ennen, edella 

before that, ennenkun 

beg, pyytaa 

begin, alkaa 

berry, marja 

besides, paitsi, senlisaksi 

best, paras 

better, parempi 

big, iso 

bind, sitoa 

bird, lintu 

bite, purra 

bitter, katkera 

black, musta 

blackberry, mustikka 

blanket, villainen peite 

blind, sokea 

blow, puhaltaa 

blue, sininen 

boat, vene 

body, vartalo, ruumis 

boil, kiehua 



book, kirja 

both, molemmaf 

both — and, seldl 

box, laatikko 

boy, poika 

brain, aivo 

branch, oksa, haara 

brave, rohkea, urhoollincn 

bread, leipa 

break, sarkea 

breakfast, aamiainen 

breast, rinta 

bright, kirkas 

bring, tuoda 

brown, ruskea 

brush, harja 

build, rakentaa 

business, liike 

burn, polttaa 

but, mutta, vaikka 

butter, voi 

button, nappi 

buy, ostaa 



C. 



cabbage, kaali 

cake, sokerileivos 

call, kutsua 

calm, tyyni, hiljainen 

can, kannu 

can, voida 

car, vaunu 

canary bird, kanarialintu 

careful, huolellinen 

carry, kantaa, vieda 



case, sija 
cat, k 
cause, syy 
ceiling, valik 
celebrate, juhlia 
certain, varma 
chair, tuoli 
change, muuttaa, mat 
chapter, luku 
check, vekseli 



194 



VOCABULARY 



child, lap si 

chin, leuka 

choose, valita 

church, kirkko 

city, kaupunki 

claim, vaatia 

class, luokka 

clause, lause 

clock, seinakello 

close, sulkea, ahdas 

cloth, vaate 

cloud, pilvi 

coat, takki 

coffee, kahvi 

coffee pot, kahvipannu 



cold, kylma 

collar, kaulus 

comb, kampa 

come, tulla 

confectionary, makeiskauppa 

consequently, niin muodoin, 

siis 
cook, keittaa, keittaja 
cover, peittaa, peitto 
craddle, katkyt 
crawl, kontata 
cream, kerma 
cross, risti 
cry, itkea, huutaa 
cut, leikata 



danger, vaara 
dangerous, vaarallinen 
dare, uskaltaa 
dark, pimea 
day, paiva 
dear, rakas 
deceitful, petollinen 
decide, paattaa, 
deep, syva 

desire, haluta, tahtoa 
difficult, vaikea 
diligent, ahkera 
diligently, ahkerasti 



each, joka 
ear, korva 
early, varhain 



dining room, ruokasali 
dinner, paivallinen 
distress, hata 
disturb, hairita. 
dog, koira 
down, alas 
dream, uni 
drink, juoda, juoma 
drive, ajaa, ajo 
driver, ajaja 

dry goods store, rihkama- 
kauppa 



E. 



earth, maa 
easy, helppo 
eaves, raystas 



ENGLISH-FINNISH 






echo, kajahtaa 
edge, reuna, raja 
either — or, joko — tai 
end, loppu, lopettaa 
err, erehtya 
evening, ilta 
event, t a pa us 



every, jol 
everybody, j 
everyone, 
everywhere, kail 
expensive, k 
eye, sill 



fail, epaonnistua 

fall, pudota 

fall, syksy 

family, perhe 

famous, kuuluisa 

far, kau kan a 

fast, kiivas 

fasten, sitoa 

father, isa 

February, helmikuu 

feel, tuntea 

feel at home, viihtya 

fence, aita 

field, pelto 

finally, viimein, vihdoin 

find, loytaa 

finger, sormi 

Finn, suomalaiiien 

Finland, Suomi 

fir tree, havupuu 

fire, tuli 

fishhook, onki 

fit, sopia 

five, viisi 

flock, 1 an in a 

flock of sheep, lammaslauma 



floor, lattia 
flower, kukka 
fly, lent 
food, ru< 
foot, jalka 
for, sillii 
for the sake of, 

ten 
forehead, « 
foreign country, ulto 
foreigner, ulk 
forest, n 
forget, unhot 
fork, kahveli 
form, ni- 
formation, mu< 
former, entinen 
forward, 
fox, kettu 
France, Rans 
free, vap 
Friday, lauai 
friend, 
friendly, 
from 
from somewhere 



196 



VOCABULARY 



fruit, hedelma 

fruit tree, hedelmapuu 



full, taysi, tayttaa 
furnish, hankkia 



gardener, puutarhuri 

garden, kartano, piha 

gate, veraja, portti 

gather, kerata, koota 

gentleman, herrasmies 

get, saada 

get angry, vihastua 

get ready, saada valmiiksi 

gift, lahja 



give, antaa 
glad, iloinen 
go, menna 
gold, kulta 
grammar, kielioppi 
grass, ruoho 
gray, harrtiaa 
green, viheria 
grow, kasvaa 



H. 



hair, tukka, plu. hiukset 

half, puoli 

hall, kaytiiva 

hand, kasi 

hand in hand, kasi kadessa 

hang, ripustaa 

happy, onnellinen 

happen, tapaht'ua 

hard, kova 

harm, vahingoittaa 

hate, vihata, viha 

hat, hattu 

have, (see Lesson XV) 

he, han 

he has, hanella on 

head, paa 

hear, kuulla 

heart, sydan 

heaven, taivas 

heavy, raskas 



help, auttaa, apu 

hen, kana 

her, hanen 

here, taalla 

hide, piiloutua 

high, korkea 

hill, maki 

his, hanen 

hold, pitaa 

hold fast, pitaa kiinni 

home, koti 

honest,, rehellinen 

hook, koukku 

hope, toivoa, toivo 

horse, he von en 

hot, kuuma 

hour, tunti 

house, talo 

hotel, majatalo, hotelli 

how, kuinka 



ENGLISH-FINNISH 






human being, ihminen 

hunger, nalka 



hunt, 
hunting, n 



I. 



I, min a 

I have, min ul la on 

ice, jaa 

if, jos 

immediately, heti 

in, (see Section 52) 

in relation to, suhteen 

in the interior, sisa (-ssa, 

-sta, -11a, etc.) 
in the midst of, keskella 



in vain, turhaan, hul 

indeed, todellakin 
intend, 
inherit, i 
injury, valiinko 
injure, vahii 
ink, muste 
insult, loukata 
invent, keksi 
iron, rauta 



January, tammikuu 

joy, ilo 

July, heinakuu 



key, avain 
kettle, pata 
kill, tappaa 
kitchen, keittio 



lack, puuttua 
lady, nainen 
lake, jarvi 
lamb, lam mas 
land, maa 
last, viimeinen 
late, myohainen 



jump, hypata 
June, kesakuu 



K. 



knee, polvi 
knit, kutoa 
knife, veitsi 
know, tietaa 



L. 



laugh, nauraa, nauru 

law, laki 
lawn, nurmik 
leaf, lehti 
learn, op pi a 
leave, 
left, vasen 



198 



VOCABULARY 



leg, nilkka 
length, pituus 
lesson, laksy 
letter, kirje 
liar, valehtelija 
liberty, vapaus 
life, elama 
light, valo 



lion, leiona 

lip, huuli 

live, asua, elaa 

long, pitka 

lose, menettaa, kadottaa 

love, rakastaa 

low, matala 



M. 



mail, posti 

make, tehda 

man, mies 

many, moni, usea 

many times, monta kertaa 

March, maaliskuu 

mark, merkita, merkki 

market, marketti 

master, isanta 

May, toukokuu 

meadow, niitty 

measure, mitta, mitata 

meat, liha 

meat market, lihakauppa 

meet, kohdata 

memory, muisto 

merchandise, kauppatavara 



merchant, kauppias 
milk, maito 
mind, mieli 
' mine, kaivanto 
minute, minutti 
Miss, neiti 
Mr., herra 
Mrs., rouva 
month, kuukausi 
moon, kuu 
morning, aamu 
most, enin 
mother, aiti 
mutton, lampaaniiha 
mountain, vuori 
my, minun, (see Section 96) 



N. 



nail, naula 
name, nimi 
napkin, salveti 
national, kansallinen 
nature, luonto 



near, lahella, liki (-11a, -lta, 

-lie, etc.) 
neat, siisti 

necessary, tarpeellinen 
neck, kaula 



ENGLISH-FINNISH 






needle, neula 

neighbor, naapuri 

nest, pe 

never, ei koskaan 

new, uusi 

next, seuraava 

night. 

no, ei (see Section 

no one, ei yksikaan 

noise, melu 



noon, 

nose. 

not at all, i 

notice, 

nourishment, 

November, marraskuu 

now, nvt 

number, nun 

nurse, hoi 



obey, todella 

occur, tapahtua 

October, lokakuu 

odor, tuoksu 

of, (see Section 25) 

offer, tarjota, tarjous 

officer, virkamies 

office, konttori 

often, usein 

oil, 61 jy 

old, vanha 

on, pa a 11a (see Section 



paddle, meloa 
page, sivu 
pain, tuska, kipu 
paint, maalata, maali 
painter, maalaaja 
pair, pari 
pan, pannu 
paper, paperi 
parents, vanhemmat 



on account of, tali 
one by one, yl 
one of the two, jompikt 
open, aukaista 
opposite, 
oar, airo 
or, eli, tahi 
other, toinen 
ought, pitaa 
our, meidan 
out, ulos 
i"4) own, oma, 



P. 



park, puis 

parlor, lone 

part, 

passenger, mutku 

path, polku 

pay, mal 

pea, heme 

peace, rauha 

penetrate, tunkeut 



200 



VOCABULARY 



pen, kyna 

pencil, lyijykyna 

permit, sallia 

Peter, Pekka 

pick, poimia, kerata 

piece of sugar, sokeripala 

pie, piirakka 

place, paikka, sija 

plate, lautanen 

play, leikkia 

please, olkaa hyva 

pleasant, hauska 

point, karki 



quart, neljas osa 
quick, vilkas 



poor, koyha 
potato, peruna 
powerful, voimakas 
pray, rukoilla 
press, painaa 
present, lahja 
price, hinta 
pronounce, aantaa 
pull, vetaa 
punish, rangaista 
punishment, rangaistus 
put, panna 



q. 



quiet, hiljainen 



R. 



rabbit, janis 

railroad, rautatie 

rain, sade 

raise, nostaa 

rake, harava 

ray, sade 

reach, saapua, paasta perille 

read, lukea 

ready, valmis 

reason, syy 

receive, saada 

red, punainen 

regard, pitaa 

register, vakuuttaa 

registry-book, paivakirja 

rein, ohjas 



relation to, suhteen 
remark, huomauttaa 
remember, nxuistaa 
rest, levata, lepo 
restaurant, ravintola 
return, palata takaisin 
reward, palkita 
rich, rikas 
right, oikea 
ring, sormus 
ripen, kypsya 
rise, nousta 
road, tie 
rock, kallio, kivi 
roof, katto 
room, huone 



ENGLISH-FINNISH 






rooster, kukko 
root, juuri 
rope, koysi 
rose, ruusu 



sack, siikki 
sail, purjehtia 
sale, myynti 
salt, sue la 
same, sama 
sand, hiekka 
satisfied, tyytyvainen 
Saturday, lauantai 
sausage, makkara 
save, saastaa 
saw, saha 
say, sanoa 
scenery, maisema 
school, koulu 
scold, nuhdella 
sea, meri 
search, hakea 
season, yuodenaika 
seat, istuin 
secret, salainen 
secretly, salaisesti 
see, nahda 
seed, siemen 
seek, etsia 
seldom, harvoin 
self, itse 
sell, myyda 
send, lahettaa 
September, syyskuu 



rough, k 
round, ]. 
row, 
rug, mat 



S. 



servant, palvelija 

shadow, \a 

shake, heiluttaa, rai ii 

shame, 1 

share, i 

sharp, terava 

shave, ajaa 

she, han 

sheet, lakana 

shepherd, paimen 

shine, 

ship, laiva 

shirt, paita 

shoe, kenka 

shore, ranta 

short, lyhyt 

shoulder, hartiat, oik 

shout, hunt 

show, naytti 

shut, sulkea 

side, sivu 

sign, merkki 

silent, hiljainen 

silver, h< 

since, jalkeen, k 

sing, laulaa 

singular, 

sink. 

Sir, hen 



202 



VOCABULARY 



sister, sisar 

sit, istua 

skin, nahka, kuori . 

skirt, hame 

sky, taivas 

sleep, nukkua 

sleeve, hiha 

sleigh, reki 

slope, rinne 

slow, hidas 

small, pieni 

smooth, silea 

snow, lumi 

so, niin 

soap, saippua 

sock, sukka 

soft, pehmea 

soil, maa 

some, joku, muuan ^ 

some one, joku 

something, jotain 

somewhere, jossakin 

son, poika 

song, laulu 

soon, pian, joutuin 

sorrow, suru 

sound, aani 

sour, vakeva 

south, etela 

sow, kylvaa 

sow, neuloa 

spade, lapio 

spare, saastaa 

spark, sakene. 

sparrow varpunen 



speak, puhua 

special, erityinen, ylimaa- 

rainen 
spend, kuluttaa 
spoon, lusikka 
spread, levita, levittaa 
spring, kevat 
stair, porras 
stamp, merkki 
stand, seisoa 
star, tahti 
stir, sekottaa 
start, alkaa 
station, asema 
stay, jaada, viipya 
steal, varastaa 
. steam, hoyry 
step, askel 
stick, keppi 
stocking, sukka 
stomach, vatsa 
stone, kivi 
stop, pysayhtya 
store, puoti 
storm, myrsky 
stormy, myrskyinen 
story, kertomus 
stove, mini 
straight, suora 
strange, outo 
stranger, vieras 
straw, olki, korsi 
strawberry, mansikka 
street, katu 
strength, voima 



ENGLISH -FINN 






strike, 1\ 

strong, vakeva 

study, opetella 

subject, alus, aine 

succeed, menestya 

such, sellainen 

suffer, karsia 

sugar, sokeri 

sugar bowl, sokeriastia 

suit, puku 

sun, aurinko 



Sunday, sunnunt 
supper, illalli 

surely 

surface, pinta 

suspect, 

sweep, 

swallow, nen 

sweet, mi 

swift. 

swing, heilua 

swim, uida 



table, poyta 
tail, hanta 
tailor, raatali 
take, ottaa 
tame, kesy 
tea, tee 

tea pot, teepannu 
teach, opettaa 
tear, repia 
teeth, hampaat 
tell, sanoa, kertoa 
temperature, lampo 
ten, kym'menen 
than, kuin 
thank, kiittaa 
that, tuo 
thaw, sulaa 
their, heidan 
them, no. nama 
then, sit ten 
there, tuolla, siella 
these, nama 



they, he 
thick, paksu 
thief, 
thing. 

think, jatella 
thirst, jano 
this, tama 
those, 
thou, -ina 
though, vaikka 
thrice, kolm 
throat, kurkku 
through, 
throw, hcitl 
Thursday, 
thy, sinun 
ticket. | 

pu 
tie, -it- »a, kat 
time, 
tire, 
to. 



204 



VOCABULARY 



to-day, tanaan 

toe, varvas 

to-morrow, huomenna . 

tongue, kieli 

to-night, tana iltana 

too, myoskin, liian, viela 

tooth, hammas ' 

top, latva 

touch, koskea 

tour, matka 

towel, pyyheliina 

town, kaupunki 

track, rata 

train, juna 

translate, kaantaa 

ugly, ruma, epamiellyttava 

uncle, seta 

under, alia 

understand, 3'iiimartaa, kasit- 

taa 
unite, yhdistaa 



valley, laakso 
vegetable, villainies 
verb, teonsana 
verse, varsy 
vest, liivi 



wage, palkka 
wagon, karry 
waist, vyotainen 
wake, herata 



transparent, lapinakyva 
travel, matkustaa 
treasure, kassa 
treat, kohdella, kasitella 
trick, keino, temppu, keppo- 

nen 
trip, matka 
trouble, hankahuis 
trust, luottaa ■ 
truth, totuus 
try, koettaa 
Tuesday, tiistai 
turn, kaantaa 
twice, kahdesti 



U. 



unless, jollei, paitsi 
until, asti, kunnes, saakka 
upon, paalla (see Section 74) 
upward, ylospain 
urge, kehoittaa 
use, kavttaa 



V. 



victim, uhri 
virtue, hyve 
visit, kylailla. kylaily 
visitor, kylailija 
voice, aani 



W. 



walk, kavella 

wall, seina 

want, tahtoa, haluta 

wardrobe, vaatekaappi 



ENGLISH-FINNISH 






warm, lammin 

was, oli 

wash, p^ 

watch, taskukello 

watch, vartioida 

water, vesi 

west, Ian si 

wave, aalto 

way, tic, tapa 

we, me 

weak, heikko 

wealth, rikkaus 

wear, kayttaa, kuluttaa. kes- 

taa 
weather, ilma 
Wednesday, keskiviikko 
week, viikko 
weep, itkea 
weigh, painaa 
welcome, tervetullut 
well, hyvin, kaivo 
what, mita 
when, mil loin 
whence, mistci 
where, n. 

which, mika, kuka 
while, silla aikaa kun, hetki 
white, valkea 



who, joka, ii 

whole, 1 

whose, jonka, 

why, mil 

wide, 1; 

wife, vaimo 

wild, villi, raaka 

win, voittaa 

wind, tuuli 

window, akkuna 

wise, viisas 

wing, siipi 

wish, tahto, haluta 

wisdom, viia 

with, kanssa (see S 

74, 78 
without, ilman tion 

wolf, susi 

woman, nainen 

wood, puu, ir 

wool, villainen 

word, sana 

work, • x 

world, maailma 

wrist, '. 

write, k 

wrong, \ 



yard, kartano 
yellow, keltaine.il 
yes, kylla 
yesterday, eilen 

yet, yield 



you, 

young, r, 
your. 
youth, 



INDEX. 



NOTE. — References are to paragraphs unless otherwise in- 
dicated. 



abessive case, 77, 248, 249. 

ablative case, 75, 232, 233, 234, 
235, 236. 237, 238. 

accent, 9. 

accusative case, 23, 2 7, 187, 
188. 

adjectives, agreement of, 20; 
comparison, 123; declension, 
126, 277, 278, 279; derivation, 
175; irregular, 128; pos- 
sessive, 96. 

adessive case, 73, 82, 223, 224, 
225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 
231. 

adverbs, definition, 160; for- 
mation, 161; position of, 
164. 

allative case, 76, 239, 240, 241, 
242. 

alphabet, 1. 

appositive, 159. 

aspiration, 11, note 1; 8, b. 

article, none in Finnish, 19. 

auxiliary verb olla, 65; conju- 
gation, 288, 289. 

attribute, 158. 

cardinal numbers, 141; for- 
mation, 142, 143, 144. 

comparative, 124; declined, 
278. 

comitative case, 78, 243. 

compound nouns, 157. 

compound tenses, Lesson 
XVIII. 

conditional moods, 49, 50, 255, 
256. 

conjugations, 288, 289, 290, 
291. 

conjunctions, co-ordinate, 170; 
subordinate, 171. 



consonant- stem, 81, 295. 

consonants, 3, 7, b. 

consonant changes, 11, 12. 

contracted words, 274. 

diminutives, 174, e. 

diphthongs, 4; how pro- 
nounced, 5. 

distributives, 149. 

elative case, 62, 208, 209, 210, 
211, 212, 213, 214. 

essive case, 41, 189, 190, 191. 

future time, 121, 122. 

gender, 13. 

genitive case, 24, 25, 179, 180, 
181, 182, 183, 184. 185. 

have, 82. 

illative case, 63, 64, 215, 216, 
217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222. 

imperative, 53, 54, 258, 260. 

imperfect, 37, 38, 39, 112, 251. 

impersonal verbs, 109. 

indicative, 33, 35, 111, 250. 

infinitives, first, 56, 261, 262, 
263; second, 57, 117, 264; 
third, 58, 118, 265; fourth, 
59, 266. 

inessive case, 52, 202, 203, 
204, 205, 206, 207. 

instructive case, 79, 244, 245, 
246, 247. 

interjections, 172. 

interrogation, 130, 131, 132. 

interrogative pronouns, 130, 
287. 

moods, 29. 

multiplications, 153. 

negation, Lesson XVI. 

negative verbs, Lesson XVI. 

numbers, cardinal, 141; or- 
dinal, 151. 



INDEX 






somlaatlre ca 19, 21 

177. 17s. 

nouns, derivation, 173. 

object, total, 87; partial, 44, 

participles, 267, 

273 preement of, 107; 

first. 60, 119; Becond, 61, 
120. 

participial construction, 270, 
271, 

particles, 163. 

partitive _ 44, 45, 46, 

192, 193, 194, 195, 196. 

partial, object, 44; subject, 
45; predicate noun or adjec- 
tive, 46. 

passive, Lesson XX. 

perfect tense. 102, 104, 105, 
106, 115, 25! 

personal endings. 32, 53; pro- 
nouns, 95. 

plural sign, 26. 

pluperfect tense, 103, 115. 

possessive, adjectives, 96; suf- 
fixes, 9S. 

postpositions, 165, 166, 168. 

potential mood, 47, 4S, 253, 
254. 

predicate, 40; nouns or adjec- 
tives. 22, 46. 



prepasltlaas, 

prrsiiil 
pronoun*,. 

rel i • 
nil 

punctuation 

reciprocal 

ruh-s 

11, 12, 
mien 
simple 

stem, 16, 

■abject, total 
■affixes, 

supcrlutix C 

lin. 
syllables, 

lime in 

translator 

199, - 
verb. 

tive, Lesson x\ 

13S. 
rowels, 2. 
vowel chang 

294. 



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